Electrophysiology and the Acu Systems
Medical Acupuncture
A Journal For Physicians By Physicians

Volume 13 / Number 1
"Aurum Nostrum Non Est Aurum Vulgi"


Electrophysiology
And The Acupuncture Systems
Darren Starwynn, OMD

ABSTRACT
There have been extensive efforts in recent decades to correlate the principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) with Western medical science. The most promising bridge between these 2 paradigms has been in the field of bioelectromagnetism (BEM), the study of the subtle electromagnetic fields that are the underpinning of life processes. Most of the significant research in this field comes from Europe, and much of it has not been readily available in the United States. This article is an overview of research in this field, with a focus on understanding acupuncture needling, meridians, life-force, and acupoints from the perspective of BEM.

KEY WORDS
Bioelectromagnetics, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Electromagnetic, Resonance, Quantum Physics, Potentials, Polarity, Conductivity, Capacitance, Ion, Microcurrent, Nordenstrom, Semi-conduction, Piezoelectricity, Manaka, Fascia

INTRODUCTION
During the long history of traditional Chinese acupuncture, the results of needling acupoints have been described both clinically and theoretically. The concepts of Qi, Blood, meridians, and acupoints are integral to the understanding and application of TCM. Since its introduction into Western culture, there have been many experiments and writings to attempt to explain these concepts in Western scientific terms. Many early explanations were shallow and simplistic, for example, that acupuncture is simply a primitive way of describing stimulation of the nervous system, or that it is only placebo treatment.

There have been a growing number of insightful researchers who have penetrated much further into the common truth between TCM and Western science, and their paths have led into the realms of electromagnetics and quantum physics.

Bioelectromagnetics (BEM)1 is a term used for the study of the relationships between electromagnetics and living systems. An account of the history of research into this field in recent centuries can be found in the book The Body Electric.2 This article summarizes some of the most valuable and practical findings to date.

Electromagnetic Fields and Life
In the early 20th century, there was a rush to embrace biochemical explanations for disease and healing as the modern pharmaceutical industry emerged with many impressive successes. Medical treatment became largely based on drug therapies and surgical interventions, and the 19th-century boom of interest in electromagnetic healing methods was largely lost. In the midst of this, a few notable scientists published important discoveries in the field of BEM. Lakhovsky wrote a valuable book in the 1920s in which he explained many interrelationships between high-frequency electromagnetic fields, including cosmic radiations and living things.3 In the book's introduction, he writes:

What is life? It is the dynamic equilibrium of all cells, the harmony of multiple radiations which react upon one another. What is disease? It is the oscillatory disequilibrium of cells, originating from external causes.

Lakhovsky explained how living things interrelate by receiving and giving off electromagnetic radiations. The radiatory energies of living cells described by Lakhovsky make direct energetic communication between life forms possible. The Russian scientist Pressman summed up 3 effects of such fields: they allow living things to sense information about the environment; they faciliate organization and control within the organism; and they are used for communication between living things.4

Biophotons is the term Popp used to describe the energy communication medium between life forms, and explained how they regulate many physiological functions, including growth, maturation, cell differentiation, enzymatic activity, and the immune system.5 Del Giudice published an article in which he expounded on a model of resonance and interaction between systems of particles bonded by electromagnetic fields, in which the particles move harmoniously through field effects.6

Indeed, such particle communication has been demonstrated in the study of quantum physics. A basic principle of this science is that all parts of the universe are connected to, and in communication with, all other parts. This communication is instantaneous and freely available to those entities that can perceive it. Quantum theory was first advanced by Planck at the end of the 19th century, and was further refined by Bohr. Bohr, who coined the term quantum leap in reference to the ability of electrons to instantaneously jump to different orbits through absorbing and dispersing energy, demonstrated that such movement happens at velocities faster than the speed of light.7 Quantum physics has been described as a field of study in which modern scientific inquiry and measurements meet intuitive spiritual principles. Indeed, the concept of a universal data bank from quantum physics parallels the esoteric concept of the Akashic Records, which holds timeless records of all thoughts, words, and events in history. The principle of the interrelatedness of all waves and particles in the universe correlates with what has been described as God, Universal Mind, or Spirit.

The ancient Chinese descriptions of Qi and its pathways and accumulations in the body closely correlate with what is being discovered about subtle electromagnetic activity in life forms. We can understand that energy exists in a continuum of power, subtlety, and expression from cosmic source to the dense physical plane. The human organism is
influenced by many levels of this continuum, from spiritual energies of unimaginable subtlety to those grossly apparent to our senses, such as the "evils" of excessive cold, wind, and heat spoken of by the ancient Chinese. The acupuncture systems are largely based on electromagnetic energies, which exist somewhere between these levels according to evidence provided by the researchers quoted herein.

One of the first questions to consider is: What is the source of the energies the body processes through the acupuncture systems? A basic truth is that all living organisms are energy-producing systems, even those that appear parasitic. All organisms are dependent on outside sources of energy as well, such as from food, air, and the sun. In the human body, energy is produced on the cellular level by the Krebs or citric acid cycle, from the lung-heart connection, and the transformation of nutritive substances by the organs. According to TCM, the 2 organs most responsible for production of energy are the Lungs and Spleen (Tai Yin). The Triple Warmer function is the regulator of metabolism of the upper, middle, and lower areas of the body. German acupuncturists have correlated the Triple Warmer to the endocrine system, which regulates metabolism and other life processes through hormonal control.

The energies produced by the body generate an electrical field in and around the body. This field is analogous to the aura described by clairvoyants, or the field of Qi as described by Qi Gong practitioners. According to such practitioners, disturbances or blocks in the body's energy production and flow form dark or collapsed areas in the body's field. Using potentiometric measurements of the body's electrical potentials, Schuldt determined that the meridian system follows lines of condensation of the field force created by the body.8 Becker stated that this field is inhomogenous and is determined by the underlying structures of the body, including tissue, fascia, muscles, bone, skin, and proximity to organs. The field is also influenced by the relationship of these structures in terms of resistance, distance, interference, capacitance, polarity, and resonance. Acupuncture acts, in part, by interconnecting charges between these lines of force in the body.9

According to Schuldt, some of the most severe physical symptoms such as acute pain, spasm, tetany, and neuropathies are caused by distortions in the body's field due to damaged viscera. He states that this is more significant in causing such symptoms than nerve injury and damage. His research shows that phantom limb pain, an example of
pain due to field distortion, could be resolved through healing of the internal organs.

Electrical Parameters of the Human Body
Much of the early research into the electrical nature of acupuncture points dealt with the differences in skin resistance between acupoints and surrounding tissues. In the early 1950s, Nakatani found that some points on the body were more conductive than others when a 12-V current was applied to the skin. He called these low-resistance spots "good electro-permeable points," or the Japanese term, ryodoraku. Since then, many researchers have developed apparatuses to measure the electrical conductivity of acupuncture points in relation to non-points.10 Krippner demonstrated that the resistance of acupoints ranged from 100-200 kV, while non-points had much higher resistances up to
1 MV. Niboyet used more sophisticated measurement devices to show that acupoints were about 50% more conductive than surrounding points, and that when electrodes were placed on points on the same meridian, electric currents passed more preferentially than if the electrodes were placed on different meridians.

Capacitance is the ability of a substance to store and gradually release electrical charge. Electronic components, i.e., capacitors, are used in most electronic equipment for this purpose. According to research by Dumitrescu,11 acupoints store charge to a greater degree than surrounding tissues and have lower resistance. He found that acupoints
have capacitance readings of 0.02 - 0.5 mF (microfarads) while non-points were measured at less than 0.01 mF.

Polarity is another vital principle in the energetic workings of the human body and acupuncture treatment. Electrical potentials, which reveal polarity, were measured in the human body by Ionescu-Tirgoviste and Pruna using electroacupuncturogram (EAG) equipment.12 In their studies, they bilaterally connected distal acupoints GB 41 and TW 3 to an EAG device, which simultaneously measured the point's electrical potentials in mV in comparison to abdominal point Ren 7, which was used as the ground. The EAG device itself did not significantly stimulate the points. These measurements were taken during various conditions, including acupuncture needle insertion, manipulation, and thermal and laser stimulation of points. The researchers found that, when the potential differences between the points was high, the patients reported energetic sensations ranging from gentle tingling to intense electrical sensations as a result of the connections. When there was little potential differences, patients felt little or nothing. In this study, the researchers observed that the distal acupoints could be positive or negative in relation to ground. They concluded that meridians exist as canals in the interstitial spaces between the structures of the body along which endogenous electrical charges propagate. Blockages in the normal flow of these currents lead to high concentrations of positive or negative electrical charges that may cause pain and other symptoms of disease.

This appears to indicate that imbalances of Yin and Yang (build-up of positive or negative ionic activity, respectively), when discharged through acupuncture stimulation, lead to the characteristic propagated sensations through the meridians and the "Te Chi" phenomenon. Te Chi is the sensation of tingling, soreness, heaviness, or throbbing that is the result of skillful needle insertion and manipulation in acupoints. It is different than the pain of hitting nerves, which is much more unpleasant. The greater the potential differences, the greater the Te Chi sensations. The meridians represent the charted "paths of least resistance" to the flow of endogenous ionic currents.

Ionescu-Tirgoviste et al offered the following chart, "Functional Particularities of the Skin Areas Used in Acupuncture:"12

Qualities of Superficial Skin Acu-Points
1. High electric potentials (up to 300 mV)
2. High electric capacitance values (0.1-1 mF)
3. Low electrical resistance
4. Increased skin respiration
5. High local temperature
6. Spontaneous visible light emission from the Jing and Yuan points
7. Sound signals at the acupuncture points (2-15 Hz, amplitude 0.5-1 mV, sharp or sine wave)

Qualities of Deep Skin Acu-Points
1. Low deep perception threshold to an electric stimulus
2. Capacitance (storage of electric charges)
3. Electro-resonance with other acupoints
4. High conductivity of isotopic tracers
From the preceding research, it can be deduced that acupuncture is probably most effective when the symptoms being treated are associated with buildup of significant ionic imbalances that can be discharged through point stimulation.

Microcurrents and the Meridian System
In my work with microcurrent electroacupuncture, I have made measurements of skin resistance before and after brief 6-second bursts of microcurrent stimulation. I have consistently observed that increases of skin electrical conductivity after such stimulation are far greater in patients with actual pathologies than in healthy people. The above study appears to corroborate this. Patients with pain and dysfunction have more of a build-up of electrical activity due to impaired circulation. A microcurrent device, in reading out changes in skin resistance, can clearly show this change.

In explanation, the old "beaver dam" analogy is useful: a free-flowing stream has an overall even energy, a device measuring its flow would not show many large fluctuations. Yet if the beavers build a dam upstream from the measuring device, the flow rate will be greatly lessened. If the dam were suddenly knocked away, the device would then detect a major rush of increased water, which would then gradually settle back to a more or less steady flow. This is what we see when taking skin resistance measurements. When treating and measuring areas on the extremities in patients with pain, with positive electrode proximal and negative electrode distal, it is common to see resistance changes between the points as much as 60% after only 6 seconds of stimulation. I have observed that such large increases in conductivity usually correlate with rapid symptomatic relief of pain and restricted range of motion. When, on the other hand, the conductivity readings do not change after stimulation, symptomatic results have often been less precise. This also supports the principle that large releases of cumulative ionic imbalances in the electrical systems of the body are associated with good clinical results.

An important medical researcher of microcurrents and acupuncture is Nordenstrom. He is best known for his development of advanced catheters used in surgery; he has also made contributions in energy medicine for cancer treatment. He postulated the meridian systems as a vascular-interstitial closed circuit.13 According to Nordenstrom, this system allows for transfer of positive or negative ionic charges over long distances in the body through the blood vessels and interstitial spaces. The system is powered by imbalances of positive and negative currents created by energy production of the organs, as well as "currents of injury" released by tissue damage and trauma. The most frequently used electrical channels form the meridians mapped out by TCM. Only direct current flows in tissues; high-frequency alternating currents, used in many clinical milliamp stimulators, are not effective for balancing the meridians systems. Therefore, microcurrents, which are gen-
erally used as a form of modulated direct current, are most useful for this purpose. High-frequency alternating currents, as used in classic interferential and other modalities, may be valuable for grosser counter-irritation effects for acute pain and possibly at high doses to destroy unhealthy tissues.

Dr Yoshio Manaka's ion-pumping cords also work on the principle of equalization of charge imbalance in the body. By using the master points of the extraordinary vessels and principal meridians for ion pumping, this balancing is directed to the deepest energy layers of the body.14

Nordenstrom's work with terminal cancer patients has been impressive. Cancer cells are more sensitive to electrical energy than healthy ones, and application of externally applied currents strongly influence those cells. He demonstrated that direct microcurrent stimulation of tumors with implanted needle electrodes significantly blocked cancer pain for long periods, and in many cases caused the tumor to regress or disappear. The positive pole of the stimulator was placed in the tumor and the negative at some distance away. Nordenstrom's explanation for this phenomenon was that perhaps the tumor would become dehydrated through electro-osmosis, which then blocked production of pain-causing substances in the tumor, such as histamine, substance-P, and bradykinin. Research in the United States with high-volt pulsed galvanic stimulators has also shown that the negative pole tends to be sclerolytic, or tissue softening, and the positive pole tissue tends to be hardening, probably associated with dehydration. Nordenstom's landmark work with cancer has not been carried forward in the United States.

Electrical Effects of Acupuncture Needling
Nordenstrom also studied the electrical effects of acupuncture needle stimulation. He made the following observations: the potential difference between the subcutis of the patient and the acupuncturist's fingers form a capacitive flow of current, eventually equalizing the charges. The charge may flow either way, depending on the relative
strength of the acupuncturist's and the patient's personal field. This confirms the importance of the practice of Qi Gong (and healthy living) by acupuncturists (to keep their personal field stronger than that of the patients). If a needle with a plastic handle is used, which insulates it from direct contact with the acupuncturist's charge, the needle will still equalize the charges between the surface and deeper layers of the patient's tissues with which it is in contact. Manipulation of the needle can also influence the flow of charge, depending on whether it is in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction, or whether lifting or thrusting is done more forcefully. Any time currents flow between metal and an electrolyte (body fluids), electrolysis creates a build-up of deposits that eventually act as an insulator. Periodic manipulation and twirling of the needles can mechanically remove this coating, facilitating good continued electrical contact.

In another study by Ionescu-Tirgoviste,15 an EAG device was connected to acupuncture needles placed in the same points as indicated in the previously quoted study. The needles were manipulated in the following classic methods: clockwise twirling, counterclockwise twirling, back-and-forth twirling, and lifting and thrusting (up and down) movement. The investigators found that the needles on the distal acupoints had a negative potential in comparison with the abdominal needle in all cases, but the degree of potential varied between -25 to -350 mV according to the needling technique and the health
of the patients. Healthy patients registered distal potentials between -150 to -250 mV, while those with diseases had potentials above or below these levels. Needle manipulation changed the potentials, with counterclockwise twirling/lifting/ thrusting increasing the potentials the most. The healthy patients recovered their basal readings soon after manipulation, while unhealthy ones recovered more slowly or not at all, indicating some kind of energetic blockade. According to TCM theory, this is probably associated with impaired Liver function because the Liver controls the spreading and circulation of Qi.

Perhaps the most detailed research into the electrical qualities of acupuncture needling has been done by Mussat, who performed many experiments to measure the precise electrical activity generated by acupuncture needles of various metallic combinations.9 His work conclusively demonstrated that acupuncture needling releases electrical energy into the body and is the original microcurrent therapy. Placing a metal needle into contact with body fluids creates a simple battery Generation of energy by such a battery is greatly increased by use of bimetallic needles, such as those with handles made of a different metal than the shaft. Bimetallic combinations that generate electrical energy when in contact with each other are known as thermocouples. Applying heat to the needle handles can greatly increase energy generation of the thermocouple.

In Mussat's early experiments, he found that acupuncture needles made of tungsten created the most powerful polarization and therapeutic effects when inserted into the body. Tungsten is used to make filaments in light bulbs because of its efficiency at converting electrical to light energy. Because these needles tended to lose their proper tip-
shaping rapidly due to brittleness, and caused excessive pain, he searched for alternatives. He experimented with needles made of the following metal combinations: tungsten-silver, special stainless steel-copper, special stainless steel-cupron (nickel-copper alloy), stainless steel-brass, stainless steel-brass with gold plating, and Chinese-made needles of stainless steel and silver.

Mussat used a microammeter, a device that measures electrical activity, to measure the charge generated between the handle and tip of the needles. He found that the combinations creating the greatest discharge into the acupuncture points were tungsten-silver, copper-stainless steel, and stainless steel-cupron with gold plating on the handles. He discovered stainless steel-cupron with gold plating on the handles to be the most efficient. Measurements of current generated by different kinds of needles ranged from 30-60 nanoamps (billionths of amps), with readings as high as 20 mA when the needles were heated with a hot flame.

Steel needles with metal handles made of metals such as copper, brass, or gold have a positive polarization of the tip in relation to the handle, i.e., the handle acts as the cathode and the tip, the anode. When the needle handle is heated to a temperature higher than the body region, it is inserted into the polarity reverses.

Mussat also measured the capacitance of bimetallic needles and found that bimetallic needles, again acting as mini-batteries, gradually discharge over time when in contact with a conductive medium (such as the human body).

Mussat also measured electrical activity along meridians. In 1 experiment, he placed 2 needles along the trajectory of a single meridian and applied a few minutes of pulsed electrical stimulation of about 1 V to the needles, with the 2 electrodes of the power source on the 2 needles. After stopping the stimulation, he measured the charge between the needles and found it to be as high as 24-30 mA. Yet if he moved either needle slightly off the meridian pathway, the readings were much lower. This appears to indicate that the meridians also store electrical charges, perhaps due to the electrical qualities of fascial connective tissue, which some Japanese researchers have identified as the physical substrate of the meridian system.

Semi-Conduction and Piezo-Electricity
Semi-conduction and piezo-electricity are 2 electrical qualities of crystalline substances that occur prolifically in the human body. Both are highly relevant to understanding the electrical qualities of the meridian system. There are 3 kinds of current conduction known to modern science: metallic conduction, ionic conduction, and semi-conduction. Metallic conduction only occurs in metal wires; ionic conduction occurs through cell membranes, but is incapable of traversing more than minute distances in the body; and semi-conduction is the only known mode of conduction outside of metal wires capable of transmitting very small currents over long distances. Semi-conduction is possible only in substances with very orderly molecular structures such as crystals. Szent-Gyorgyi was the first to point out that the molecular structures of the human body are organized enough to support semi-conduction through passing information along chains of protein molecules.2

Becker constructed many experiments to test this principle, and he concluded that energy transmission and communication of the meridian system are based on semi-conduction along the perineural glial cells that support the nervous system. These allow subtle currents to be transported over long distances without losing charge. He demonstrated that these semi-conducted currents were completely different than electrical activity of the nerves themselves. Nerves transmit high-frequency electrical action potentials, while glial cells transmit slower, direct currents of much smaller amplitude. He postulated that such
direct currents represented the more primitive aspect of our electrophysiology, which supports healing and regeneration, and acupuncture points were, in effect, weigh stations that boosted the charge along the pathways.2 Creatures with a greater preponderance of these DC systems than humans, such as lizards and salamanders, possess much
greater powers of regeneration and can regrow amputated limbs and organs. Becker suggested and demonstrated in preliminary ways that use of correctly applied subtle direct currents may someday allow humans to do similar feats.

The body's semi-conduction system as explained by Becker correlates well with the X-signal system theorized by Manaka.14 According to Manaka, this system consists of immeasurably small charges in and around the body that ultimately regulate all life processes. While the X-signals cannot be measured with currently available tools, their effects can be clearly observed through changes in pressure pain on acupoints, pulse diagnosis, and kinesiology (muscle testing). The X-signal system is exquisitely sensitive to polarity agents such as magnets, ion-pumping cords, or polarized electrical probes.

The other inherent electrical quality of the body is piezo-electricity. This is the tendency of a crystalline structure, when deformed or struck, to release an electrical charge. The forces of movement and gravity on the human and animal bodies are constantly triggering such
charges. Becker measured such activity in bone and showed that bone regeneration is turned on by endogenous charges generated by piezo-electricity. This phenomenon is not limited to bones. Matsumoto and Birch offer explanations and many research citations indicating that connective tissues of many kinds possess piezoelectric properties and literally in- terconnect every part of the body with every other part.16 Fascia can be compared with a complex, stretchy network that is constantly releasing and circulating subtle charges. Piezoelectric activity has been demonstrated in many kinds of connective tissues and blood vessels.16

These insights reveal that subtle electrical charges are being generated through piezoelectricity by all movement and the effects of gravity, and that these charges are semi-conducted over long distances in the body. This gives support to the healing and regenerative effects of Hatha yoga, deep tissue massage, Rolfing, and exercise, all of which help generate and circulate subtle energy throughout the body through stimulating piezoelectric activity, and this is clearly associated with health and well-being.

CONCLUSION
The human body generates electrical energy through organic action, cellular respiration, currents of injury, and piezoelectrical activity. These subtle currents form fields of force, the condensations of which form the charted meridian system. Researchers have placed the sub- strate of the meridians variously in the glial cells, fascial network, interstitial spaces, and blood vessels. Subtle electrical charges can migrate long distances in the body through semi-conduction, which passes tiny electrical charges through orderly molecular matrices. Variations in energy generation and currents of injury tend to form imbalances in ionic positive and negative charges in the body, which are associated with pain and disease. The therapeutic effects of acupuncture come from its ability to locally or distally discharge these potential differences, or otherwise help bring about optimal charge conditions of the body. Acupuncture points have greater electrical conductivity than surrounding tissues. Varieties of metals used together in the manufacture of acupuncture needles create thermocouple effects for stronger stimulation of acupoints. The body's energy systems are polarized, with the trunk and head tending to be more electropositive and the extremities electronegative. Electrostimulation that follows these natural polarities, and significantly increases conductivity between the electrodes, will tend to be more clinically effective. Non-needle microcurrent stimulation, especially when polarized to follow the body's natural polarization, can be a highly effective meridian-balancing method.

REFERENCES
1. Milburn M. Biomagnetics: implications for Oriental medicine and acupuncture. Am J Acupuncture. 1995;23.
2. Selden G, Becker R. The Body Electric. New York, NY: William Morrow & Co; 1987.
3. Lakhovsky G. The Secret of Life. [First published 1935]. Reprinted: Newport Beach, Calif: The Noontide Press; 1992.
4. Presman AS. Electromagnetic Fields and Life. New York, NY: Plenum
Press; 1970.
5. Popp FA, Becker B. Electromagnetic Bioinformation. 2nd ed. Vienna, Austria: Urban & Schwarzenberg; 1988.
6. Del Giudice E. Coherence in condensed and living matter. Pioneer Perspectives. 1993;3(2).
7. Royal FF. Understanding homeopathy, acupuncture and electrodiagnosis: clinical applications of quantum mechanics. Am J Acupuncture. 1990;18.
8. Schuldt H. From: paper presented at the Third International Congress of Acupuncture in Berlin; 1976.
9. Mussat M. Acupuncture Networks, Vol. II. Serejski E, trans. 1997. Available at http://www.webacu.com. Accessibility verified July 22, 2001.
10. Zhu Z-X. Research advances in the electrical specificity of meridians and acupuncture points. Am J Acupuncture. 1981;9.
11. Dumitrescu IF. Contribution to the Electro-Physiology of the Active Points, Intil Acupuncture conference, Bucharest, Romania, 1977, as quoted in article Research advances in the electrical specificity of meridians and acupuncture points. Am J Acupuncture. 1981;9.
12. Ionescu-Tirgoviste, Pruna. The acu-point potential, electroreception and bio-electrical homeostasis of the human body. Am J Acupuncture. 1990;18.
13. Nordenstrom B. An electrophysiological view of acupuncture: role of capacitive and closed circuit currents and their clinical effects in the treatment of cancer and chronic pain. Am J Acupuncture. 1989;17.
14. Manaka Y, Itaya K, Birch S. Chasing the Dragon's Tail. Brookline, Mass: Paradigm Publications; 1994.
15. Ionescu-Tirgoviste. Measurement of acupuncture injury potential by acupunctometry. Am J Acupuncture. 1987;15.
16. Matsumoto K, Birch S. Hara Diagnosis, Reflections on the Sea. Brookline, Mass: Paradigm Publications; 1989.

AUTHOR INFORMATION
Darren Starwynn, OMD, LAc practices in Phoenix, Arizona, and lectures extensively on the subject of electroacupuncture and electrotherapy. He is an inventor and developer of electrotherapeutic tools.
Darren Starwynn, OMD, Dipl Ac (NCCA)
3810 East Desert Cove Avenue
Phoenix, AZ 85028
Phone: 602-494-5626
Fax: 602-953-3341
E-mail: darren@neta.com
Àü±â»ý¸®Çаú ħ±¸°æ¶ô ü°è
(Electrophysiology And The Acupuncture Systems)

By Darren Starwynn, OMD, Dipl. Ac. (NCCA) (darren@neta.com)

¿ä¾à(Abstract)

Áö³­ ¼ö½Ê ³â µ¿¾È ÇÑÀÇÇÐ(TCM)ÀÇ ¿ø¸®µé°ú ¼­¾çÀÇÇÐÀ» ¼­·Î ¿¬°ü½ÃÅ°·Á´Â ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ³ë·ÂµéÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¿Ô´Ù. µ¿¼­¾çÀÇ ÀÇÇÐü°èµéÀ» ¿¬°áÇϴµ¥ À־ °¡Àå À¯¸ÁÇÏ¿´´ø ¼ö´ÜÀº »ýüÀüÀÚ±âÇÐ(bioelctromagnetism, BEM), Áï »ý¸í Çö»óµéÀÇ Åä´ë°¡ µÇ´Â ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ(subtle) ÀüÀÚ±âÀåµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿¬±¸µéÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº À¯·´¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ®¼­, ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿¬±¸µéÀÇ ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐÀÌ ½±°Ô ÀÔ¼öµÉ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ³í¹®Àº »ýüÀüÀÚ±âÇÐ(BEM)ÀÇ °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ ¹Ù¶óº» ħ±¸Ä¡·á, °æ¶ôÀÌ·Ð, »ý¸í·Â(life-force), ±×¸®°í °æÇ÷ÀÌ·Ð µî¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃç¼­ ÀÌ ºÐ¾ßÀÇ ¿¬±¸µéÀ» °³°üÇÏ¿© º» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

ÇÙ½É ´Ü¾îµé(Key Words)

»ýüÀüÀÚ±âÇÐ(Bioelectromagnetics, BEM), ÇÑÀÇÇÐ(Traditional Chinese Medicine, TCM),
ÀüÀÚ±âÀûÀÎ(Electromagnetic), °ø¸í(Resonance), ¾çÀÚ¹°¸®ÇÐ(Quantum Physics),
ÀüÀ§(Potentials), ÀüÀÚ±âÀûÀÎ ±Ø¼º(Polarity), Àü±âÀûÀÎ Àüµµ¼º(Conductivity),
ÃàÀü ¿ë·®(Capacitance), ÀÌ¿Â(Ion), ¹Ì¼¼ Àü·ù(Microcurrent), Dr. Bjorn Nordenstr m,
¹ÝÀüµµ¼º(Semi-conduction), ¾ÐÀü¼º(Piezoelectricity), Dr. Yoshio Manaka, ±Ù¸·(Fascia)

¼­·Ð(Introduction)

ÇÑÀÇÇÐÀÇ À¯±¸ÇÑ ¿ª»ç¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿©, °æÇ÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ä§±¸ Ä¡·áÀÇ È¿°ú¿¡ °üÇؼ­´Â ÀÓ»óÀûÀ¸·Î ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¸¹Àº Àú¼úµéÀÌ ÀüÇØ¿À°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±â(Qi), Ç÷(Blood), °æ¶ô(meridians), ±×¸®°í °æÇ÷(accupoints) µî¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³³äµéÀº ÇÑÀÇÇÐÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ°í ½ÇõÇϴµ¥ À־ ÇʼöÀûÀÌ°í ºÒ°¡°áÇÑ °³³äµéÀÌ´Ù. ÇÑÀÇÇÐÀÌ ¼­¾çÀÌ ¼Ò°³µÇ¸é¼­, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °³³äµéÀ» ¼­¾ç¿¡¼­ÀÇ °úÇÐÀûÀÎ ¿ë¾îµé·Î Çؼ®Çغ¸·Á´Â ¸¹Àº ½Ãµµµé°ú Àú¼úµéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÇÑÀÇÇÐÀÇ ¿ë¾îµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃʱâÀÇ Çؼ®µéÀº ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐµé¿¡¼­ ÇÇ»óÀûÀÌ°í ±Ø´ÜÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ü¼øÇÑ °ÍµéÀ̾ú´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ħ¼úÀº ´ÜÁö ½Å°æ°è¸¦ ÀÚ±ØÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¿ø½ÃÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ̾ú´Ù°Å³ª, ¶Ç´Â ´ÜÁö ½É¸®ÀûÀÎ È¿°ú(placebo)¸¸ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â Ä¡·á¹ýÀ̶ó´Â °Í µîµîÀ̾ú´Ù.      

¹Ý¸é¿¡, ÇÑÀÇÇаú ¼­¾ç°úÇÐ »çÀÌ¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â °øÅëÀûÀÎ Áø¸®¿¡ ´ëÇØ Á» ´õ ÅõöÇÏ°Ô ¿¬±¸ÇÏ´Â ÅëÂû·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀÇ ¼ýÀÚµµ Á¡Á¡ Áõ°¡ÇÏ¿© ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç, À̵éÀÇ ¿¬±¸ ¿ªÁ¤µéÀº »ýüÀüÀÚ±âÇÐ ¹× ¾çÀÚ ¹°¸®ÇÐ(quantum physics)ÀÇ ¿µ¿ªµé¿¡ À̸£°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. »ýüÀüÀÚ±âÇÐ(BEM)1Àº ÀüÀÚ±âÇаú »ý¸íüµé »çÀÌÀÇ °ü°èµéÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÏ´Â ºÐ¾ßÀÌ´Ù. ¼ö¼¼±â °ÉÄ£ ÀÌ ºÐ¾ßÀÇ ¿¬±¸µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ª»çÀÇ Àü¸»Àº Selden G. ¹× Becker R.ÀÇ Àú¼­ÀΡ¶The Body Electric¡·2¿¡¼­ ¾ð±ÞµÇ°í Àִµ¥, ÀúÀÚ´Â ÀÌ Ã¥ÀÇ ³»¿ëµé Áß¿¡¼­ °¡Àå À¯¿ëÇÏ°í ½Ç¿ëÀûÀÎ ¿¬±¸°á°úµéÀ̶ó°í ¿©°ÜÁö´Â °ÍµéÀ» ¿ä¾àÇÏ¿© ÀÌ ³í¼³¿¡¼­ ¼Ò°³ÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù.      

ÀüÀÚ±âÀå°ú »ý¸í(Electromagnetic Fields and Life)

20¼¼±â ÃÊ¿±, Çö´ëÀûÀÎ Á¦¾à »ê¾÷ÀÌ ¸¹Àº ÀλóÀûÀÎ ¼º°úµéÀ» °ÅµÒ¿¡ µû¶ó, Áúº´°ú Ä¡·áÀÇ ±âÀüµéÀ» »ýÈ­ÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î Çؼ®ÇÏ·Á´Â ½ÃµµµéÀÌ ¹ü¶÷ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó ÀÇÇп¡¼­ÀÇ Ä¡·á¹æ¹ýµéµµ ¾à¹°¿ä¹ý ¹× ¼ö¼ú¿ä¹ý¿¡ Å©°Ô ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, 19¼¼±â¿¡ ÀϾ´ø ÀüÀÚ±âÀûÀÎ Ä¡·á¹æ¹ýµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àαâ´Â Å©°Ô °¨¼ÒÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¿ÍÁß¿¡¼­µµ, ¼Ò¼öÀÇ ¶Ù¾î³­ °úÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ »ýüÀüÀÚ±âÇÐ(BEM) ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ Áß¿äÇÑ ¹ß°ßµéÀ» ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ¿´´Ù. 1920³â´ë¿¡ Lakhovsky´Â ¿ìÁÖ¿¡¼­ º¹»çµÇ´Â ÀüÀÚ±âÆĵéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â °íÁÖÆÄ(high-frequency) ÀüÀÚ±âÀåµé°ú »ýüµé »çÀÌÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ »óÈ£°ü°èµéÀ» ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â ±ÍÁßÇÑ Àú¼­¸¦ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ¿´´Ù.3 ÀÌ Ã¥ÀÇ ¼­¹®¿¡¼­ ±×ÀÇ ¾ð±Þ¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé:        

°Ç°­À̶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? ¸ðµç ¼¼Æ÷µé »çÀÌÀÇ ¿ªµ¿ÀûÀÎ ±ÕÇü, Áï ¸ðµç ¼¼Æ÷µéÀÌ ¼­·Î¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ °ü°èµé »çÀÌÀÇ Á¶È­°¡ ¹Ù·Î °Ç°­ÀÌ´Ù. Áúº´À̶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? ¿ÜºÎÀûÀÎ ¿øÀε鿡¼­ ºñ·ÔµÇ¾î ¼¼Æ÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ÀϾ ¿ªµ¿ÀûÀÎ(oscillatory) ºÒ±ÕÇüÀÌ ¹Ù·Î Áúº´ÀÌ´Ù.  

Lakhovsky´Â »ý¸íüµéÀÌ ÀüÀÚ±âÆĵéÀ» ¼ö½ÅÇÏ°í ¹æÃâÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤À» ÅëÇØ ¾î¶»°Ô »óÈ£°ü°è¸¦ ¸Î´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¼³¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, »ì¾ÆÀÖ´Â ¼¼Æ÷µé¿¡¼­ ¹æÃâµÇ´Â ÀüÀÚ±âÀûÀÎ ¿¡³ÊÁöµéÀº ¸ðµç ÇüÅÂÀÇ »ý¸íüµé°ú Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î È°¹ßÇÑ »óÈ£±³½ÅÀ» ÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ·¯½Ã¾Æ Ãâ½ÅÀÇ °úÇÐÀÚÀÎ PressmanÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀüÀÚ±âÀåµéÀÇ ÀÛ¿ëµéÀ» ¼¼ °¡Áö È¿°úµé·Î ¿ä¾àÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥: Áï »ý¸íüµéÀÌ ÁÖÀ§ ȯ°æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ °¨ÁöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇØÁÖ°í; »ý¸íü ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ÀÚ±ØÇÏ°í Á¶ÀýÇÏ´Â ÀÛ¿ëÀ» Çϸç; ±×¸®°í »ý¸íüµé »çÀÌÀÇ »óÈ£±³½Å¿¡ ÀÌ¿ëµÈ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.4        

»ýü±¤ÀÚ(biophotons)¶ó´Â ¿ë¾î´Â, PoppÀÌ »ý¸íüµé »çÀÌÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ÅëÇÑ »óÈ£±³½Å¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¸Åü¶ó°í ±â¼úÇÏ¿´´ø °ÍÀ¸·Î, ±×´Â À̸¦ ÅëÇØ »ý¸íüµéÀÌ ¼ºÀå, ¼º¼÷(maturation), ¼¼Æ÷ºÐ¿­, È¿¼ÒµéÀÇ ÀÛ¿ë, ±×¸®°í ¸é¿ªÃ¼°è µîÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ¼ö¸¹Àº Á¾·ùÀÇ »ý¸®±â´ÉµéÀ» Á¶ÀýÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄµéÀ» ¼³¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù.5 Del Giudice´Â ÀüÀÚ±âÀåµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °áÇյǾîÁø ÀÔÀÚ(particles) ü°èµé »çÀÌÀÇ °ø¸í(resonance) ¹× »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ë ¹æ½ÄÀÇ ¸ðµ¨¿¡ °üÇÑ ³í¼³À» ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ ¹Ù Àִµ¥, ÀÌ ¸ðµ¨¿¡¼­´Â ÀÔÀÚµéÀÌ ÀüÀÚ±âÀåÀÇ ¿µÇâ·Âµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¶È­·Ó°Ô ¿òÁ÷Àδٰí ÇÑ´Ù.6    

»ç½Ç»ó, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÔÀÚµé »çÀÌÀÇ »óÈ£±³½Å¿¡ °üÇÑ ÀÌ·ÐÀº ¾çÀÚ ¹°¸®ÇÐÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¦½ÃµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¾çÀÚ ¹°¸®ÇÐÀÇ ±âº» ¿ø¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¿ìÁÖÀÇ ¸ðµç ºÎºÐµéÀº °¢°¢ ¸ðµç ´Ù¸¥ ºÎºÐµé°ú ¼­·Î °ü°è¸¦ ¸Î°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¼­·Î ±³½ÅÀ» ÇÏ°íÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »óÈ£±³½ÅÀº °¨ÁöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç ½Çüµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ±×¸®°í ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ¾çÀÚ(quantum) ÀÌ·ÐÀº 19¼¼±â ¸»¿¡ ÇÁ¶ûÅ©(Planck)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Ã³À½À¸·Î Á¦½ÃµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ³ªÁß¿¡ º¸¾î(Bohr)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ º¸°­µÇ¾îÁ³´Ù. º¸¾î(Bohr)´Â ÀüÀÚµéÀÌ ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ Èí¼öÇÏ°í ¹æÃâÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÅëÇØ ÀÌ¿Í µ¿½Ã¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ ÀüÀڱ˵µµé·Î µµ¾àÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´É·Â°ú ¿¬°üµÈ ¾çÀÚ µµ¾à(quantum leap)À̶ó´Â »õ·Î¿î ¿ë¾î¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î ³ÂÀ¸¸ç, ÀüÀÚµéÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀº ºûÀÇ ¼Óµµº¸´Ù ´õ ºü¸¥ ¼Óµµ·Î ÀϾ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù.7        

¾çÀÚ ¹°¸®Çп¡¼­´Â Çö´ëÀûÀÌ°í °úÇÐÀûÀÎ ¿¬±¸ ¹× °èÃøÀÇ ¿ø¸®µéÀÌ Á÷°üÀûÀÌ°í ½É·ÉÀûÀÎ ¿ø¸®µé°ú ºÎÇÕÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î, ¾çÀÚ ¹°¸®Çп¡¼­ÀÇ ¿ìÁÖÀÇ Á¤º¸ÀúÀå¼Ò(universal data bank)´Â ½ÅÁöÇÐ(theosophy)¿¡¼­ ¿ìÁÖÀÇ ¿ª»ç»ó¿¡¼­ ÇàÇØÁø ¸ðµç »ý°¢µé, À̾߱âµé, »ç°ÇµéÀÌ ¿µ¿øÈ÷ ±â·ÏµÇ¾îÁø´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â '¾ÆÄ«½Ä ±â·Ï(Akashic Records)'°ú À¯»çÇÑ °³³äÀÌ´Ù. ¿ìÁÖ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¸ðµç Æĵ¿µé ¹× ÀÔÀÚµéÀÌ »óÈ£°ü°è¸¦ ¸Î´Â ¿ø¸®´Â ½Å(God), ¿ìÁÖÀÇ ¸¶À½(Universal Mind), ¶Ç´Â ¿µÈ¥(Spirit)À̶ó°í ¹¦»çµÇ´Â °Í°ú ¼­·Î °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.  

ÇÑÀÇÇп¡¼­ÀÇ Ñ¨(Qi)¿Í Ѩ°¡ ¿îÇàÇÏ´Â °æ·Îµé ¹× ÀÎü¿¡¼­ÀÇ ±âÀÇ ÀúÀåÀº »ý¸íüµé¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ ÀüÀÚ±âÀûÀÎ ÀÛ¿ë(subtle electromagnetic activity)¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸°á°úµé°ú ¼­·Î ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÏ°Ô ¿¬°üµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¡³ÊÁö´Â, ¿ìÁÖÀûÀÎ ¿¡³ÊÁöÀÇ ¿øõ¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ ¿¡³ÊÁö°¡ ³óÃàµÈ °á°úÀÎ ¹°ÁúÀûÀÎ ¼öÁØ¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö, Èû(power), ½ÅºñÇÔ(subtlety), ±×¸®°í ¹ßÇö(expression)ÀÇ ¿¬¼Óü(continuum)·Î¼­ ´Ù¾çÇÏ°Ô Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÎü´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿¬¼ÓüÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¼öÁصé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ°í Àִµ¥, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿¡³ÊÁöµé¿¡´Â »ó»óÇÒ ¼öµµ ¾øÀÌ ½ÅºñÇÑ ¿µÀûÀÎ ¿¡³ÊÁöµé¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ ÇÑÀÇÇп¡¼­ ¾ð±ÞÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â °úµµÇÑ ³Ã±â(cold), ¹Ù¶÷(wind), ¿­±â(heat) µîÀÇ "Þ÷Ѩµé(evils)"°ú °°ÀÌ °¨°¢±â°ü¿¡¼­ °¨ÁöµÇ´Â °ÅÄ£ ¿¡³ÊÁöµé¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¼öÁصéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ħ±¸°æ¶ô ü°è´Â ÁÖ·Î ÀüÀÚ±âÀûÀÎ ¿¡³ÊÁöµé¿¡ ±â¹ÝÀ» µÎ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿¡³ÊÁöµéÀº ÀÌÇÏ¿¡¼­ ÀοëµÇ´Â ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀÌ Á¦½ÃÇÑ ±Ù°Åµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¼öÁØµé »çÀÌÀÇ ¾îµò°¡¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.          

¿ì¼±ÀûÀ¸·Î °í·ÁµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Àǹ®Á¡µé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª´Â ÀÎü°¡ ħ±¸°æ¶ô ü°è¸¦ ÅëÇØ ´Ù·ç°í ÀÖ´Â ¿¡³ÊÁöµéÀÇ ¿øõÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ÇϳªÀÇ »ç½ÇÀº ¸ðµç »ì¾ÆÀÖ´Â »ý¹°µéÀº, ½ÉÁö¾î´Â ±â»ýÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀÌ´Â »ý¹°µéÀ̶óµµ, ¸ðµÎ ¿¡³ÊÁö »ý»êü°èµéÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸ðµç »ý¹°µéÀº À½½Ä, °ø±â, ±×¸®°í ÅÂ¾ç µî°ú °°Àº ¿ÜºÎ·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö¿ø¿¡µµ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÎü¿¡¼­ ¿¡³ÊÁö´Â, ÇãÆÄ-½ÉÀåÀÇ ±â´ÉÀûÀÎ ¿¬°è¼º°ú ±â°üµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¿µ¾ç¹°ÁúµéÀÇ º¯È¯¿¡ ÀÇÇØ, ¼¼Æ÷ ¼öÁØ¿¡¼­ 'KrebÀÇ È¸·Î(Kreb`s Cycle)' ¶Ç´Â '±¸¿¬»ê ȸ·Î(citric acid cycle)'¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¸¸µé¾îÁø´Ù. ÇÑÆí ÇÑÀÇÇÐ À̷п¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ »ý¼ºÇϴµ¥ °¡Àå ÁÖµÈ ¿ªÇ×À» ´ã´çÇÏ´Â µÎ ±â°üµéÀº ÆóÀå°ú ºñÀå(Tai Yin÷¼ëä)ÀÌ´Ù. »ïÃÊ(Triple Warmer)ÀÇ ±â´ÉÀº ½ÅüÀÇ »ó¡¤Áß¡¤ÇϺΠ´ë»çµéÀ» Á¶ÀýÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µ¶ÀÏÀÇ Ä§±¸ÇÐÀÚµéÀº »ïÃÊ(ß²õ¥)ÀÇ ±â´ÉÀ», È£¸£¸óÀÇ ºÐºñ¸¦ Á¶ÀýÇÏ¿© ÀÎüÀÇ ´ë»ç ¹× ´Ù¸¥ ±âÀüµéÀ» Á¶ÀýÇÏ´Â, ³»ºÐºñ ü°è¿Í ¼­·Î ¿¬°ü½ÃÄÑ¿Ô´Ù.        

ÀÎü¿¡¼­ »ý¼ºµÈ ¿¡³ÊÁöµéÀº ÀÎüÀÇ ³»ºÎ ¹× ÁÖÀ§¿¡ Àü±âÀåÀ» ¹ß»ý½ÃŲ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Àü±âÀåÀº Åõ½Ã·ÂÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹¦»çµÇ´Â ¿À¶ó(aura)³ª ¶Ç´Â ±â°ø(Qi Gong) ¼ö·ÃÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ ¹¦»çµÇ´Â ±âÀÇ Àå(field of QiѨíÞ)°ú À¯»çÇÏ´Ù. ±â°ø(ѨÍí) ¼ö·ÃÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇϸé, ÀÎü¿¡¼­ ¿¡³ÊÁöÀÇ »ý»ê ¹× È帧ÀÌ ¹æÇصǰųª Â÷´ÜµÇ¸é, ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇØ ÀÎüÀÇ Àü±âÀå¿¡¼­ ¾îµÎ¿î ȤÀº ¼è¾àÇØÁø ºÎÀ§µéÀÌ Çü¼ºµÈ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. Schuldt´Â, ÀÎü¿¡¼­ ÀüÀ§(electrical potentials)À» °èÃøÇÏ´Â ÀüÀ§Â÷°è(potentiometer)¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ½ÇÇèµéÀ» ÅëÇؼ­, °æ¶ô ü°è°¡ ÀÎü¿¡¼­ »ý¼ºµÈ Àü±âÀåÀÇ ÈûÀÌ ÀÀÃàµÈ ¼±µé(lines of condensation of the field force)À» µû¶ó ºÐÆ÷ÇÑ´Ù´Â °á·ÐÀ» ³»·È´Ù.8 Becker¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé ÀÎüÀÇ Àü±âÀåÀº, ±ÕÀÏÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç(inhomogenous), Á¶Á÷, ±Ù¸·(fascia), ÇǺÎ, ±×¸®°í ±â°üµé°úÀÇ ±ÙÁ¢µµ(proximity) µîÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿©, ¹Ø¿¡ ³õÀÎ ±¸Á¶¹°µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °áÁ¤µÈ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.

ÀÎüÀÇ Àü±âÀåÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ¹Ø¿¡ ³õÀÎ ±¸Á¶¹°µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ÀÇ Àü±âÀûÀÎ ÀúÇ×(resistance), ÀüÀ§ Â÷ÀÌ, °£¼·(interference), ÃàÀü¿ë·®(capacitance), ±Ø¼º(polarity), ±×¸®°í °ø¸í(resonance) µîÀÇ °ü°èµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù. ħ¼úÀÇ È¿°ú´Â, ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î, ÀÎü¿¡¼­ Àü±âÀåÀÇ ÈûÀÌ ÀÀÃàµÈ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼±µé »çÀ̸¦ ¼­·Î ¿¬°áÇÏ´Â ÀüÇϵé(interconnecting charges)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.9 Schuldt¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ±Þ¼º ÅëÁõ, ±ÙÀ°ÀÇ ¿¬Ãà(spasm), °­Á÷¼º °æ·Ã(tetany), ±×¸®°í ½Å°æº´Áõµé(neuropathies)µé°ú °°Àº °¡Àå ½ÉÇÑ Áõ»óµéÀÇ ÀϺδÂ, ³»Àå(viscera)ÀÇ ¼Õ»ó¿¡¼­ ±âÀεÈ, ÀÎü Àü±âÀåÀÇ µÚƲ¸²(distortions)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀϾ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ±×¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áõ»óµéÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Âµ¥ À־, ÀÎü Àü±âÀåÀÇ µÚƲ¸²ÀÌ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ½Å°æÀÇ ¿Ü»ó ¹× ¼Õ»óº¸´Ù ´õ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ÀÎü Àü±âÀå ºñƲ¸²¿¡ ÀÇÇØ À¯¹ßµÈ Áõ»óµéÀÇ ÇÑ ¿¹ÀÎ, Àý´ÜµÈ »çÁö ºÎÀ§¿¡¼­ÀÇ È¯°¢Åë(phantom limb pain)Àº ³»Àå±âµéÀ» Ä¡·áÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÇØ°áµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.      

ÀÎü¿¡¼­ »ýüÀü±â °èÃøÇϴµ¥ À־ÀÇ ¸Å°³º¯¼öµé
(Electrical Parameters of the Human Body)

°æÇ÷(Ìèúë)µéÀÇ Àü±âÀûÀÎ º»Áú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ãʱ⠿¬±¸µéÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº °æÇ÷µé(acupoints)°ú ÁÖÀ§ ÇǺΠÁ¶Á÷µé »çÀÌÀÇ ÇǺΠÀü±âÀúÇ×ÀÇ Â÷À̵éÀ» ´Ù·ç¾ú´Ù. 1950³â´ë ÃÊ, Nakatani´Â ÇØ´ç ÇǺΠºÎÀ§µé¿¡ 12 VÀÇ Àü·ù°¡ °¡ÇØÁö´Â °æ¿ì¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ ÇǺΠºÎÀ§µéº¸´Ù Á» ´õ Àü·ù°¡ Àß ÀüµµµÇ´Â ¸î °³ÀÇ ÁöÁ¡µéÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ÀÌ·¸°Ô Àü±â ÀúÇ×ÀÌ ³·Àº Á¡µéÀ» "Àü±â-Åõ°ú¼ºÀÌ ¾çÈ£ÇÑ Á¡µé(good electro-permeable points)" ¶Ç´Â ÀϺ»¾î ¿ë¾îÀÎ "Ryodoraku(åÐÓôÕ©)"¶ó°í ¸í¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù. À̷κÎÅÍ ¸¹Àº ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀÌ °æÇ÷(Ìèúë)ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ºÎÀ§µé°ú ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© °æÇ÷µéÀÇ Àü±â Àüµµ¼ºÀ» °èÃøÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ÀåÄ¡µéÀ» °³¹ßÇÏ¿©¿Ô´Ù.10 Krippner¿¡ ¿¬±¸¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, °æÇ÷µé¿¡¼­ÀÇ Àü±âÀúÇ×Àº 100-200 kV ¹üÀ§¿´À¸¸ç, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ °æÇ÷ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ºÎÀ§µé¿¡¼­ÀÇ Àü±âÀúÇ×Àº 1 MVº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ´õ ³ô¾Ò´Ù. Niboyet°¡ Á» ´õ Á¤±³ÇÑ ÀåÄ¡µéÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ½ÇÇèÇÑ °á°ú¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, °æÇ÷µé¿¡¼­ÀÇ Àü±âÀüµµ¼ºÀº ÁÖÀ§ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ Á¡µé¿¡¼­º¸´Ù 50% ÀÌ»ó ³ô¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ¶ÇÇÑ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ °æ¶ôÀÇ °æÇ÷µé¿¡ Àü±ØÀ» ´ë°í Àü·ù¸¦ °èÃøÇÏ¿´À» ¶§°¡ ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ °æ¶ôµéÀÇ °æÇ÷µé¿¡ Àü±ØÀ» ´ë°í Àü·ù¸¦ °èÃøÇÏ¿´À» ¶§º¸´Ù Á» ´õ ¿ì¼±ÀûÀ¸·Î Àü·ù°¡ Èê·¶´Ù.        

ÃàÀü¿ë·®(capacitance)Àº ¾î¶² ¹°ÁúÀÌ ÀüÇÏ(electrical charge)¸¦ ÀúÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù°¡ Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹æÀüÇÏ´Â ´É·ÂÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, ÃàÀü±â(capacitor/condenser) °°Àº Àü±â ÀåÄ¡µéÀº ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ» À§ÇØ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù. DumitrescuÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé,11 °æÇ÷µéÀº ÁÖÀ§ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ Á¶Á÷µéº¸´Ù Á» ´õ ¸¹Àº ¿ë·®ÀÇ ÀüÇϸ¦ ÀúÀåÇϸ鼭µµ Àü±âÀúÇ×Àº ´õ ³·¾Ò´Ù. ±×¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, °æÇ÷µé¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÃàÀü¿ë·®Àº 0.02-0.5 mF(micro-faradÃàÀü¿ë·® ´ÜÀ§)¿´À¸¸ç, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ °æÇ÷ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ºÎÀ§µé¿¡¼­´Â 0.01 mFº¸´Ù ´õ Àû¾ú´Ù.      

Àü±âÀûÀÎ ±Ø¼º(polarity)Àº ÀÎüÀÇ È°¹ßÇÑ ÀÛ¿ëµé°ú ħ¼ú Ä¡·á¿¡ À־ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ø¸®ÀÌ´Ù. Ionescu-Tirgoviste¿Í Pruna´Â Àüħ°èÃø(electroacupuncturogram, EAG) Àåºñ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿©, ÀÎü¿¡¼­ Àü±âÀûÀÎ ±Ø¼ºÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ÀüÀ§µé(electrical potentials)À» °èÃøÇÏ¿´´Ù.12 À̵éÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­´Â, »çÁöÀÇ °æÇ÷µéÀÎ ÁÂ¿ì ¾çÂÊÀÇ GB-41(ðëìúëè)µé°ú TW-3(ñéîÂ)µéÀ» EAG ÀåÄ¡¿¡ ¿¬°áÇÏ¿©, Á¢ÁöÁ¡(ground)À¸·Î ÀÌ¿ëµÈ CV-7(ëäÎß)°ú ºñ±³ÇÏ¿©, °¢ °æÇ÷µé¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÀüÀ§µéÀ» mV ´ÜÀ§·Î °èÃøÇÏ¿´´Ù. EAG ÀåÄ¡ ÀÚü´Â °æÇ÷µéÀ» ÇöÀúÇÏ°Ô ÀÚ±ØÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °èÃøÀº °æÇ÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ä§ÀÇ ÀÚÀÔ(insertion), ¼ö±âÀûÀÎ ÀÚ±Ø(manipulation), ±×¸®°í ¿Â¿­ ¹× ·¹ÀÌÀú ÀÚ±Ø µîÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¶°Çµé ¹Ø¿¡¼­ ½Ç½ÃµÇ¾ú´Ù.  
        
À̵éÀÇ ¿¬±¸°á°ú¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ÁÂ¿ì ¾çÂÊ °æÇ÷µé¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÀüÀ§ Â÷À̵éÀÌ ³ôÀº °æ¿ì, ȯÀÚµéÀº ¾çÂÊ °æÇ÷µéÀ» EAG ÀåÄ¡¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ¿¬°áÇÑ °á°ú·Î¼­, °¡º­¿î Àú¸²(tingling)¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ °Ý·ÄÇÑ Àü±âÀûÀÎ ´À³¦µé¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö, È°¹ßÇÑ ´À³¦µéÀ» º¸°íÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀüÀ§ Â÷À̵éÀÌ ¾ÆÁÖ ³·Àº °æ¿ì¿¡´Â, ȯÀڵ鿡°Ô °ÅÀÇ ´À³¦ÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¿¬±¸·ÎºÎÅÍ À̵éÀº »çÁöÀÇ °æÇ÷µéÀº Á¢ÁöÁ¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ Àü±âÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ç¼º(positive) ¶Ç´Â À½¼º(negative)ÀÇ °ü°èÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´´Ù. À̵éÀº °æ¶ô ü°è°¡ ÀÎü ±¸Á¶¹°µé »çÀÌÀÇ Æ´µé(interstitial spaces)¿¡¼­ ³»»ýÀûÀÎ ÀüÇϵé(endogenous electrical charges)À» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â µµ°ü(canal)µé·Î¼­ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù°í °á·ÐÁö¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °æ¶ô ü°è¿¡¼­ÀÇ Á¤»óÀûÀÎ Àü·ùÀÇ Â÷´ÜÀº ÅëÁõ ¹× Áúº´ÀÇ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ Áõ»óµéÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å³ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â (ƯÁ¤ °æÇ÷µé¿¡¼­ÀÇ) ¾ç¼º ¶Ç´Â À½¼º ÀüÇϵéÀÇ ³ôÀº ÁýÁß(high concentrations)À» ÀÏÀ¸Å°°Ô µÈ´Ù.              

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Çö»óÀº À½(Yin)°ú ¾ç(Yang)ÀÇ ºÒ±ÕÇü(À½ÀÌ¿Â ¶Ç´Â ¾çÀ̿µéÀÇ ÀÛ¿ëÀÌ »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î Áõ°¡µÈ »óÅÂ)À» °¡¸®Å°¸ç, ħ¼úÄ¡·á¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »óÅ°¡ ÇؼҵǸé, °æ¶ôµéÀ» ÅëÇؼ­ Àüµµ°¡ ÀϾ´Â Ư¡ÀûÀÎ ´À³¦ÀÎ "µæ±â(Te ChiÔðѨ)" Çö»óÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°°Ô µÈ´Ù. µæ±â(Te Chi)´Â °æÇ÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´É¼÷ÇÑ ÀÚħ(needle insertion) ¹× ¼ö±â¿ä¹ý(manipulation)ÀÇ °á°ú·Î¼­ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â Àú¸®´Â(tingling), »µ±ÙÇÑ(soreness), ¹¬Á÷ÇÑ(heaviness), ¶Ç´Â ¿í½Å°Å¸®´Â(throbbing) ´À³¦µéÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´À³¦µéÀº ÀÚħ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ½Å°æÀ» ÀÚ±ØÇÏ¿´À» ¶§ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â Á» ´õ ºÒÄèÇÑ ´À³¦ÀÇ ÅëÁõ°ú´Â ´Ù¸£´Ù. °æÇ÷µé¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÀüÀ§ Â÷ÀÌ°¡ Ŭ¼ö·Ï, µæ±â(ÔðѨ)ÀÇ ´À³¦µéµµ ´õ Å©´Ù.      

°æ¶ô ü°è´Â ÀÎü ³»ºÎ¿¡¼­ À̿µéÀÇ ÀÛ¿ë¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Àü·ùÀÇ È帧µé¿¡¼­ µµÇ¥È­ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â "ÃÖ¼Ò Àü±âÀúÇ×ÀÇ °æ·Îµé"À» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. Ionescu-Tirgoviste µîÀº "ħ¼ú¿¡¼­ ÀÌ¿ëµÇ´Â ±â´ÉÀûÀ¸·Î Ư¼öÇÑ ÇǺΠºÎÀ§µé(Functional Particularities of the Skin Areas Used in Acupuncture)"12¿¡¼­ÀÇ Àü±âÀûÀΠƯ¼ºµéÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´´Ù:

ÇǺηκÎÅÍ ¾è°Ô À§Ä¡ÇÏ´Â °æÇ÷µé¿¡¼­ÀÇ Æ¯¼ºµé
(Qualities of Superficial Skin Acu-Points):

1. ³ôÀº ÀüÀ§µé(High electric potentials) (300 mV ÀÌ»ó)
2. ³ôÀº ÃàÀü¿ë·®µé(High electric capacitance values) (0.1-1 mF)
3. ³·Àº Àü±â ÀúÇ×¼º(Low electrical resistance)
4. ÇǺΠȣÈíÀÇ Áõ°¡(Increased skin respiration)
5. ³ôÀº ±¹ºÎÀûÀΠüǥ ¿Âµµ(High local temperature)
6. Á¤Ç÷(Jing pointsïÌúë) ¹× ¿øÇ÷(Yuan pointsê«úë)¿¡ º¸ÀÌ´Â ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀÎ ºûÀÇ ¹æÃâ
  (Spontaneous visible light emission from the Jing and Yuan points)
7. °æÇ÷µé¿¡¼­ ¹æÃâµÇ´Â À½Æĵé(Sound signals at the acupuncture points)
  (ÁÖÆļö 2-15 Hz, ÁøÆø 0.5-1 mVÀÇ ¿¹¸®ÇÑ ÷îû¡ ¶Ç´Â ïáú× ÷îû¡sine wave)

ÇǺηκÎÅÍ ±í°Ô À§Ä¡ÇÏ´Â °æÇ÷µé¿¡¼­ÀÇ Æ¯¼ºµé
(Qualities of Deep Skin Acu-Points):

1. Àü±â Àڱؿ¡ ´ëÇØ ÇǺηκÎÅÍ ±í¼÷ÇÑ ºÎÀ§¿¡¼­ ³·Àº ¿ªÄ¡·Î Áö°¢ÇÑ´Ù  
  (Low deep perception threshold to an electric stimulus)
2. ÃàÀü¿ë·®(Capacitance-ÀüÇϸ¦ ÀúÀåÇÏ´Â ´É·Â)
3. ´Ù¸¥ °æÇ÷µé°úÀÇ Àü±âÀûÀÎ °ø¸í(Electro-resonance with other acupoints)
4. µ¿À§¿ø¼Ò ÃßÀû¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °èÃøµÈ ³ôÀº Àüµµ¼º(High conductivity of isotopic tracers)

À§ÀÇ ¿¬±¸·ÎºÎÅÍ, ħ¼úÄ¡·á´Â, °æÇ÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ä§¼ú ÀÚ±ØÀ» ÅëÇØ ¹æÀüµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â, ÀüÀ§ Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ÇöÀúÇÑ ºÒ±ÕÇüµéÀÇ ÃàÀû°ú ¿¬°üµÈ Áõ»óµéÀ» Ä¡·áÇÒ ¶§ °¡Àå È¿°úÀûÀ̶ó°í Ãß·ÐÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

¹Ì¼¼ Àü·ù¿Í °æ¶ô ü°è(Microcurrents and the Meridian System)

¹Ì¼¼ Àü·ù¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© Àüħġ·á¸¦ Çϸ鼭, ÀúÀÚ´Â ´ÜÁö 6ÃÊ µ¿¾È¸¸ÀÇ ÁýÁßÀûÀÎ ¹Ì¼¼ Àü·ù ÀÚ±ØÀ» °¡Çϱâ ÀÌÀü°ú ÀÌÈÄ¿¡(before and after) ÇǺο¡¼­ÀÇ Àü±âÀúÇ×À» °èÃøÇÏ¿´¾ú´Ù. À̸¦ ÅëÇØ ÀúÀÚ´Â, °Ç°­ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéº¸´Ù´Â ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î º´¸® »óÅ¿¡ Àִ ȯÀڵ鿡°Ô¼­, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹Ì¼¼ Àü·ù ÀÚ±ØÀ» °¡ÇÑ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ ÇǺο¡¼­ÀÇ Àü±â Àüµµ¼ºÀÌ ÈξÀ ´õ Áõ°¡µÊÀ» ÀÏ°üµÇ°Ô °üÂûÇÏ¿´´Ù. À§¿¡¼­ ¼Ò°³ÇÑ Ionescu-Tirgoviste µîÀÇ ¿¬±¸´Â ÀÌ Á¡À» È®ÀνÃÄÑ ÁØ´Ù. ÅëÁõ°ú ±â´ÉÀå¾Ö°¡ Àִ ȯÀÚµéÀº °æ¶ôü°è¿¡¼­ÀÇ »ýüÀü·ù È帧ÀÇ ¼Õ»óÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ÀüÀ§ Â÷ÀÌ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ºÒ±ÕÇüÀÌ Á» ´õ ÃàÀûµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ÇǺΠÀü±âÀúÇ×À» °èÃøÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹Ì¼¼ Àü·ù °èÃøÀåÄ¡´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ º¯È­¸¦ ¸íÈ®ÇÏ°Ô º¸¿©ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.                

³°Àº "ºñ¹öÀÇ ´ï(beaver dam)"À» ºñÀ¯·Î µé¾îº¸ÀÚ. ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô È帣´Â ½Ã³Á¹°Àº ÀüüÀûÀ¸·Î °í¸¥ ¿¡³ÊÁö ºÐÆ÷¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾ °ÍÀ̸ç, ½Ã³Á¹°ÀÇ È帧À» °èÃøÇÏ´Â ÀåÄ¡¿¡¼­µµ Å« ÆøÀÇ º¯µ¿µéÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö´Â ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸¸¾à ºñ¹ö°¡ °èÃø ÀåÄ¡ÀÇ À§ÂÊ¿¡´Ù°¡ ´ïÀ» ½×´Â´Ù¸é, ½Ã³Á¹°ÀÇ À¯¼ÓÀº Å©°Ô °¨¼ÒµÈ ¼öÄ¡·Î °èÃøµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ¸¸¾à °©Àڱ⠴ïÀÇ ¾î´À ÇÑ ºÎºÐÀÌ ¹«³ÊÁ®¼­ ¶³¾îÁ® ³ª°¡°Ô µÇ¸é, °èÃø ÀåÄ¡¿¡¼­´Â °©Àڱ⠽óÁ¹°ÀÌ µÎµå·¯Áö°Ô ¼âµµÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °¨ÁöµÉ °ÍÀ̸ç, ½Ã³Á¹°Àº Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù¼Ò°£ ¾ÈÁ¤µÈ È帧À¸·Î µÇµ¹¾Æ °¥ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± Çö»óÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ÇǺΠÀü±âÀúÇ×À» °èÃøÇϸ鼭 °üÂûµÇ´Â Çö»óÀÌ´Ù. ÅëÁõÀÌ Àִ ȯÀÚµéÀÇ »çÁö ºÎÀ§ °æÇ÷µé¿¡¼­, ¾ç¼º Àü±ØÀ» ±ÙÀ§ºÎÀÇ(proximal) °æÇ÷¿¡ ´ë°í À½¼º Àü±ØÀ» ¿øÀ§ºÎÀÇ(distal) °æÇ÷¿¡ ´ë¾î, ¹Ì¼¼ Àü·ù ÀÚ±ØÀ» °¡Çϱâ ÀÌÀü°ú ÀÌÈÄÀÇ ÇǺΠÀü±âÀúÇ×À» ºñ±³ÇØ º¸¾ÒÀ» ¶§, ´ÜÁö 6ÃÊ µ¿¾ÈÀÇ ÀÚ±ØÀ» °¡ÇÑ µÚ¿¡µµ µÎ ºÎÀ§ °æÇ÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­´Â 60% Á¤µµÀÇ Àü±âÀúÇ× °¨¼Ò¸¦ ÈçÈ÷ °üÂûÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀúÀÚ´Â ÀÌ·¸°Ô Àü±â Àüµµ¼ºÀÌ Å©°Ô Áõ°¡µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ º¸ÅëÀº ÅëÁõÀÇ ºü¸¥ ÇØ¼Ò ¹× Á¦ÇѵǾú´ø °¡µ¿ ¹üÀ§(ROM)ÀÇ È¸º¹°ú »óÈ£ ¿¬°üµÇ¾î ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â °ÍÀ» °üÂûÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¹Ý¸é¿¡, ¹Ì¼¼ Àü·ù ÀÚ±Ø ÀÌÈÄ¿¡µµ Àü±â Àüµµ¼ºÀÇ º¯È­°¡ ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö ¾Ê´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â, °á°úÀûÀ¸·Î ¸íÈ®ÇÑ Áõ»óµéÀÇ °³¼±µµ ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °á°úµµ ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÎü »ýüÀü±â ü°è¿¡ ÃàÀûµÈ À̿µéÀÇ ºÒ±ÕÇüÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ Çؼҵɼö·Ï ÁÁÀº ÀÓ»ó ¼º°úµéÀ» °ÅµÑ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ¿ø¸®¸¦ ÁöÁöÇØ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.    

NordenstromÀº ¹Ì¼¼ Àü·ù¿Í ħ¼úÄ¡·áÀÇ ¿¬±¸ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ Àú¸íÇÑ ÀÇÇÐÀÚÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ¿Ü°ú¿¡¼­ ÀÌ¿ëµÇ´Â °³·®µÈ µµ´¢°ü(catheter)À» °³¹ßÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ±â´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸, ±×´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ¾ÏÀÇ Ä¡·á¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¿¡³ÊÁö ÀÇÇко߿¡µµ ±â¿©ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â °æ¶ô ü°è¸¦ ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ¸Æ°ü¼º-°£Áú¼º Æó¼â ȸ·Î(vascular-interstitial closed circuit)¶ó°í °¡Á¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù.13 ±×¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ã¼°è´Â, Ç÷°üµé ¹× °£Áú¼º °ø°£µé(interstitial spaces)À» ÅëÇØ, ¸Ö¸® ¶³¾îÁø ºÎÀ§µé¿¡±îÁö À½ÀÌ¿Â ¶Ç´Â ¾çÀÌ¿Â ÀüÇϵéÀÌ Àü¼ÛµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇØÁØ´Ù. ÀÌ Ã¼°è´Â °¢ ±â°üµé¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö »ý¼º¿¡ ÀÇÇØ À¯¹ßµÇ´Â ¾çÀüÇÏ ¹× À½ÀüÇÏÀÇ ºÒ±ÕÇüµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÃßÁøµÇ¸ç, ¶ÇÇÑ Á¶Á÷ÀÇ ¼Õ»óÀ̳ª ¿Ü»ó¿¡ ÀÇÇØ À¯¹ßµÇ´Â "¼Õ»ó Àü·ù(currents of injury)"¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­µµ ÃßÁøµÈ´Ù.

°¡Àå ºó¹øÇÏ°Ô ÀÌ¿ëµÇ´Â Àü±âÀûÀÎ Åë·ÎµéÀº ÇÑÀÇÇп¡¼­ Á¤±³ÇÏ°Ô Ã¼°èÈ­µÈ °æ¶ô ü°èÀÌ´Ù. ÀÎüÀÇ Á¶Á÷µé¿¡¼­´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ Á÷·ù Àü·ù¸¸ÀÌ È帣°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÓ»ó¿¡¼­ Àü±âÀÚ±ØÀ» À§ÇØ ¹Ð¸®¾ÏÆä¾î(mA) ´ÜÀ§µé·Î ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÌ¿ëµÇ´Â °íÁÖÆÄÀÇ ±³·ùÀü·ùµéÀº °æ¶ô ü°èÀÇ ±ÕÇüÀ» Àâ´Âµ¥´Â È¿°ú°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ´ë°³´Â º¯Á¶µÈ Á÷·ù Àü·ùÀÇ ÇüÅ·μ­ ÀÌ¿ëµÇ´Â ¹Ì¼¼ Àü·ùµéÀÌ °æ¶ôü°èÀÇ ±ÕÇüÀ» Àâ´Âµ¥´Â °¡Àå À¯¿ëÇÏ´Ù. °£¼· ÆÄÇü ¹× ´Ù¸¥ º¯Á¶ ¹æ½Äµé·Î¼­ ÀüÅëÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ¿ëµÇ¾îÁ®¿Â °íÁÖÆÄ ±³·ù Àü·ù´Â, ±Þ¼º ÅëÁõ¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ Á» ´õ Å« ¿ªÀÚ±Ø(counter-irritation) È¿°úµéÀ» ³»´Âµ¥ À¯¿ëÇÒ ¼ö´Â ÀÖÁö¸¸, º´¸®ÀûÀÎ »óÅÂÀÇ Á¶Á÷µéÀ» Æı«ÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ³ô´Ù.  

Yoshio ManakaÀÇ ÀÌ¿Â-ÆßÇÁÀÛ¿ë °æ¶ôµé(ion-pumping cords)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ä¡·áµµ ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÎü¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÀüÇÏ ºÒ±ÕÇüÀ» Á¶ÀýÇÏ´Â ÀÛ¿ëÇÑ´Ù. Áï, ÀÌ¿Â ÆßÇÁÀÛ¿ëÀ» À§ÇØ ±â°æÆÈ¸Æ ±³È¸Ç÷(master points of the extraordinary vessels)µé°ú ¿¬°üµÈ °æ¶ôµéÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇϸç, ÀÌ Ä¡·á±â¹ýÀº Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÎüÀÇ °¡Àå ±íÀº ¿¡³ÊÁö Ãþµé¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÀüÇÏÀÇ ±ÕÇü¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ£´Ù.14

NordenstromÀÇ ¸»±â ¾ÏȯÀڵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸´Â ¸Å¿ì ÀλóÀûÀÌ´Ù. ¾Ï¼¼Æ÷µéÀº °Ç°­ÇÑ ¼¼Æ÷µéº¸´Ù Àü±âÀûÀÎ ¿¡³ÊÁö¿¡ Á» ´õ ¹Î°¨Çؼ­, ¿ÜºÎ¿¡¼­ °¡ÇØÁø Àü·ùµéÀº ¾Ï¼¼Æ÷µé¿¡°Ô °­ÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, Á¾¾ç ºÎÀ§¿¡ ¹Ù´Ã·Î µÈ Àü±ØÀ» »ðÀÔÇÏ°í Á÷·ù ¹Ì¼¼ Àü·ù¸¦ ÅëÇØ ÀÚ±ØÀ» °¡ÇÏ¿´´õ´Ï, ¾ÏÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ ÅëÁõÀÌ Àå±â°£ Â÷´ÜµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¸¹Àº Áõ·Êµé¿¡¼­ Á¾¾ç ºÎÀ§°¡ ÁÙ¾îµé°Å³ª »ç¶óÁ³´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ½ÇÇè¿¡¼­, ¾ç±ØÀº Á¾¾ç ºÎÀ§¿¡ ±×¸®°í À½±ØÀº Á¾¾ç ºÎÀ§¿¡¼­ ¾î´À Á¤µµ ¶³¾îÁø ºÎÀ§¿¡ À§Ä¡½ÃÄ×´Ù. NordenstromÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Çö»ó¿¡ ´ëÇØ, ¾Æ¸¶µµ Á¾¾ç Á¶Á÷ÀÌ Àü±âÀûÀÎ »ïÅõÀÛ¿ë(electro-osmosis)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Å»¼öµÇ¾îÁ®¼­(dehydrated), Á¾¾ç Á¶Á÷¿¡¼­ È÷½ºÅ¸¹Î(histamine), P-¹°Áú(substance-P), ºê·¡µðÅ°´Ñ(bradykinin) µî°ú °°Àº ÅëÁõ À¯¹ß¼º ¹°ÁúµéÀÇ »ý¼ºÀÌ Â÷´ÜµÇ¾úÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¼³¸íÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­ ½Ç½ÃµÇ¾ú´ø °íÀü¾Ð Á÷·ùÀü·ù ÀÚ±ØÀåÄ¡µéÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ½ÇÇè °á°ú¿¡¼­µµ ¶ÇÇÑ À½±Ø ºÎÀ§¿¡¼­´Â Á¶Á÷ÀÇ ¿¬È­(softening)°¡ ÀϾ°í ¾ç±Ø ºÎÀ§¿¡¼­´Â ¾Æ³ªµµ Å»¼ö¿Í ¿¬°üµÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁö´Â Á¶Á÷ÀÇ °æÈ­(hardening)°¡ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. NordenstromÀÇ ¾Ï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È¹±âÀûÀÎ ¿¬±¸´Â ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­´Â ´õ ÀÌ»ó ÁøôµÇÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.            

ħ¼úÄ¡·áÀÇ Àü±âÀûÀÎ È¿°úµé(Electrical Effects of Acupuncture Needling)

NordenstromÀº ¶ÇÇÑ Ä§¼úÄ¡·áÀÇ Àü±âÀûÀÎ È¿°úµé¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­µµ ¿¬±¸ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×ÀÌ ¿¬±¸¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ȯÀÚÀÇ ÇÇÇÏÁ¶Á÷°ú ħ¼ú ½Ã¼úÀÚÀÇ ¼Õ°¡¶ôµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÀüÀ§ Â÷ÀÌ´Â ÃàÀüÀÛ¿ëÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â(capacitive) Àü·ù¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸ÄÑ, °á±¹¿¡´Â ¾çÂÊ ºÎÀ§¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÀüÇϵéÀ» °°°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ÀüÇÏ´Â, ½Ã¼úÀÚ¿Í È¯ÀÚÀÇ °³º°ÀûÀÎ Àü±âÀåÀÇ »ó´ëÀûÀÎ °­µµ¿¡ µû¶ó, ¾î´À ÇÑÂÊ ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î È带 ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ Á¡Àº ħ¼ú ½Ã¼úÀÚÀÇ (ȯÀڵ麸´Ù °­ÇÑ Àü±â¿¡³ÊÁöÀåÀ» À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÑ) ±â°ø¼ö·Ã(Qi Gong ¹× °ÇÀüÇÑ »ýÈ°¹æ½Ä-å×ßæ)ÀÇ Á߿伺À» È®ÀÎÇØ ÁØ´Ù.  

¸¸¾à ÇÕ¼º¼öÁö·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø ¼ÕÀâÀÌ°¡ ´Þ¸° ħÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ½Ã¼úÀÚ ½ÅüÀÇ ÀüÇϷκÎÅÍ Àý¿¬µÈ »óÅ¿¡¼­ ħ¼úÄ¡·á¸¦ ÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ħ¼úÄ¡·á¸¦ ÅëÇØ È¯ÀÚÀÇ ÃµÃþ ¹× ½ÉÃþ Á¶Á÷µéÀÇ ÀüÇϵéÀ» Á¶ÀýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ħÀ» »ðÀÔÇÏ°í ³ª¼­ ħÀ» Àâ°í ¼ö±âÀûÀÎ Á¶ÀÛÀ» °¡ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý(manipulationâ¢ÐüÛö)µµ ¶ÇÇÑ ÀüÇÏÀÇ È帧¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¥ ¼ö°¡ Àִµ¥, ħÀ» ½Ã°è¹æÇ⠶Ǵ ½Ã°è¹Ý´ë¹æÇâÀ¸·Î µ¹¸®°Å³ª(æ÷ï®), ¶Ç´Â ħÀ» ¾à°£ »©°Å³ª »ðÀÔÇÏ´Â(ð«ßº) ¹æ¹ýÀÌ Á» ´õ °­ÇÑ ÀÚ±ØÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡°Ô µÈ´Ù. ħ¼ú Ä¡·á¿¡¼­´Â ¾î´À ¶§¶óµµ ±Ý¼Ó(ħ)°ú ÀüÇØÁú(ü¾×) »çÀÌ¿¡ Àü·ù°¡ ÅëÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸é, Àü±âºÐÇØ(electrolysis) ÀÛ¿ëÀÌ ÀϾ¼­, ±Ý¼Ó(ħ)¿¡ ħÀü¹°µéÀÌ ÃàÀûµÇ¾î °á±¹¿¡´Â Àý¿¬Ã¼·Î¼­ ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ħ¼ú Ä¡·á µµÁß¿¡ °£ÇæÀûÀ¸·Î ħÀ» Àâ°í¼­ µ¹¸®´Â ¼ö±â¹ýÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ä§Àü¹°µéÀÌ Ä§¿¡ ÀÔÇôÁö´Â °Í(coating)À» ¿ªÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦°ÅÇÏ¿©, ħ°ú ÀÎüÀÇ Á¶Á÷»çÀÌ¿¡¼­ Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î À¯ÀÍÇÑ Àü±âÀûÀÎ Á¢ÃËÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁöµµ·Ï ÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.  

Ionescu-TirgovisteÀÇ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ¿¬±¸15¿¡¼­´Â Àüħ°èÃø(EAG) ÀåÄ¡¸¦ ¾Õ¼­ ¼Ò°³ÇÏ¿´´ø ½ÇÇè¿¡¼­¿Í µ¿ÀÏÇÑ °æÇ÷µé¿¡ ¿¬°áÇÏ°í ³ª¼­, ħÀ» Àâ°í ½Ã°è¹æÇâ ¹× ½Ã°è¹Ý´ë¹æÇâ µ¹¸®±â(æ÷ï®), ¾Õ°ú µÚ·Î Èçµé±â(èôÔÑ), ±×¸®°í À§¿Í ¾Æ·¡·Î ¿òÁ÷À̱â(ð«ßº) µîÀÇ ¼ö±â¹ýµéÀ» ½Ç½ÃÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ½ÇÇèÀÇ °á°ú¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¿øÀ§ºÎ(distal) °æÇ÷µé¿¡ »ðÀÔÇÏ¿´´ø ħµé¿¡¼­´Â Á¢ÁöÁ¡À¸·Î »ï¾Ò´ø º¹ºÎÀÇ °æÇ÷(ëäÎß)¿¡ »ðÀÔÇÑ Ä§¿¡¼­¿Í ºñ±³ÇÏ¿´À» ¶§, ¸ðµç ¼ö±â¹ýµé¿¡¼­, À½¼º(-) ÀüÀ§¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»±â´Â ÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, ¼ö±â¹ýÀÇ Á¾·ù¿Í ȯÀÚÀÇ °Ç°­»óÅ¿¡ µû¶ó -25 mV¿¡¼­ -350 mV »çÀÌÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÀüÀ§µéÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»¾ú´Ù.        

°Ç°­ÇÑ È¯ÀÚµéÀÇ ¿øÀ§ºÎ °æÇ÷µé¿¡¼­´Â -150 mV¿¡¼­ -250 mV »çÀÌÀÇ ÀüÀ§µéÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ Áúº´ÀÌ Àִ ȯÀڵ鿡°Ô¼­´Â ÀÌ ¼öÁØµé º¸´Ù ÀÌ»óÀ̰ųª ¶Ç´Â ÀÌÇÏÀÎ ÀüÀ§µéÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»¾ú´Ù. »ðÀÔµÈ Ä§À» Á¢°í¼­ ½Ç½ÃÇÑ ¼ö±â¹ýµé(æ÷ﮡ¤èôÔÑ¡¤ð«ßº)Àº ´ëºÎºÐ ÀüÀ§µéÀ» »ó½Â½ÃÄ×´Ù. °Ç°­ÇÑ È¯Àڵ鿡¼­´Â ¼ö±â¹ýÀ» ½Ç½ÃÇÑ µÚ¿¡´Â °ð ¹Ù·Î ÀÌÀüÀÇ ÀüÀ§·Î ȸº¹µÈ ¹Ý¸é¿¡, Áúº´ÀÌ Àִ ȯÀڵ鿡¼­´Â Á» ´õ õõÈ÷ ÀÌÀüÀÇ ÀüÀ§·Î ȸº¹µÇ°Å³ª ¶Ç´Â ÀüÇô ȸº¹µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Âµ¥, ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¾î¶² Á¾·ùÀÇ È°·Â¿¡³ÊÁö Â÷´Ü(energetic blockade)ÀÌ ÀÖÀ½À» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ÇÑÀÇÇÐ À̷п¡ ÀÇÇÏÀÚ¸é, ¾Æ¸¶µµ ÀÌ°ÍÀº °£Àå(ÊÜíô) ±â´ÉÀÇ ¼Õ»ó°ú ¿¬°üÀÌ µÉ ¼öµµ Àִµ¥, °£Àå(ÊÜíô)ÀÌ ±â(QiѨ)ÀÇ ÀüÆÄ¿Í ¼øȯÀ» Á¶Àý(ÊÜñ«ðÉÓ¹)Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.  

¾Æ¸¶µµ ħ¼úÀÇ Àü±âÀûÀΠƯ¼ºµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡Àå »ó¼¼ÇÑ ¿¬±¸´Â Mussat¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ±Ý¼Ó Àç·áµé·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø ħµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹ß»ýµÇ´Â Á¤È®ÇÑ Àü±âÀûÀÎ ÀÛ¿ëµéÀ» °èÃøÇÏ·Á°í ¸¹Àº ½ÇÇèµéÀ» ½Ç½ÃÇÏ¿´´Ù.9 ±×ÀÇ ½ÇÇèµé¿¡¼­ ¾ò¾îÁø ÃÖÁ¾ÀûÀÎ °á·ÐÀº ħ¼úÀº ÀÎü ³»ºÎÀÇ Àü±âÀûÀÎ ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ¹æÀü½ÃÅ°¹Ç·Î µ¶Ã¢ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¹Ì¼¼ Àü·ù ¿ä¹ýÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áï ±Ý¼Ó Ä§ÀÌ Ã¼¾×°ú Á¢ÃËÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸é, Àü±â¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ¹ß»ý½ÃÅ°´Â ÀüÁö(battery)¿¡ Àü¼±À» ¿¬°áÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¿Í °°ÀÌ, ÀÎü ³»ºÎ¿¡¼­ Àü±âÀûÀÎ ¿¡³ÊÁö°¡ ¹æÀüµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹æÀüÀÛ¿ëÀº, ħÀÇ ÀÚ·ç(öÜÜ·) ºÎºÐ°ú ¼ÕÀâÀÌ(öÜÔé) ºÎºÐÀ» ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ ±Ý¼Ó ÀçÁú·Î ¸¸µç ħµé(bimetallic needles)À» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡ ´õ Å©°Ô Áõ°¡µÇ¾ú´Ù. µÎ °¡Áö ±Ý¼ÓÀçÁúµéÀÌ ¼­·Î Á¢Ã˵Ǿî À־ (¿­ÀÌ °¡ÇØÁö´Â °æ¿ì) Àü±âÀûÀÎ ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÏ´Â ±Ý¼ÓµéÀ» ¼­·Î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿­Àü½Ö(thermocoupleæðï³äª)µéÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù. Áï, ħÀÇ ¼ÕÀâÀÌ ºÎºÐ¿¡ ¿­ÀÌ °¡ÇØÁö°Ô µÇ¸é, ¿­Àü½Ö¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Àü±â ¿¡³ÊÁö »ý¼ºÀ» Å©°Ô Áõ°¡½Ãų ¼ö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.            

MussatÀÇ Ãʱ⠽ÇÇèµé¿¡¼­, ±×´Â ÅÖ½ºÅÙÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø ħµéÀÌ ÀÎü¿¡ »ðÀԵǾúÀ» ¶§ °¡Àå °­·ÂÇÑ ºÐ±ØÀÛ¿ë(polarization)°ú Ä¡·áÈ¿°úµéÀ» ³º´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÅÖ½ºÅÙÀº, Àü±â ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ºû ¿¡³ÊÁö·Î Àüȯ½ÃÅ°´Âµ¥ À־ÀÇ ¶Ù¾î³­ È¿À²¼º ¶§¹®¿¡, ¹é¿­Àü±¸ÀÇ Çʶó¸àÆ® ºÎºÐÀ» ¸¸µå´Âµ¥ ÀÌ¿ëµÈ´Ù. ÅÖ½ºÅÙÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø ħµéÀº ÅÖ½ºÅÙÀÇ ºÎ¼­Áö±â ½¬¿î ¼ºÁú ¶§¹®¿¡ ħ ³¡ÀÇ ÀûÀýÇÑ ³¯Ä«·Î¿òÀ» ºü¸£°Ô »ó½ÇÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇØ Ä§À» »ðÀÔÇÒ ¶§¿¡ °úµµÇÑ ÅëÁõÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°±âµµ ÇÏ¿´À¸¹Ç·Î, MussatÀº ´Ù¸¥ ´ë¿ë Àç·á¸¦ ¹°»öÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ÅÖ½ºÅÙ-Àº, Ư¼öÇÑ ½ºÅ×Àη¹½º ±Ý¼Ó-±¸¸®, Ư¼öÇÑ ½ºÅ×Àη¹½º ±Ý¼Ó-¹éµ¿(´ÏÄÌ°ú ±¸¸®ÀÇ ÇÕ±Ý), ½ºÅ×Àη¹½º ±Ý¼Ó-Ȳµ¿(³ò¼è), ±ÝÀ¸·Î µµ±ÝÇÑ ½ºÅ×Àη¹½º ±Ý¼Ó-Ȳµ¿, µîÀÇ ÇÕ±Ý Àç·áµé·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø ħµé°ú ½ºÅ×Àη¹½º ±Ý¼Ó ¹× ÀºÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø Áß±¹Á¦ ħµéÀ» °¡Áö°í ½ÇÇèÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù.  

Mussat´Â ħÀÇ ¼ÕÀâÀÌ¿Í Ä§ ³¡ »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýµÇ´Â ÀüÇϸ¦ °èÃøÇϱâ À§ÇØ, Àü±âÀûÀÎ ÀÛ¿ëÀ» °èÃøÇÏ´Â ÀåÄ¡ÀÎ ¹Ì¼¼Àü·ù°èÃø±â(microammeter)¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, °æÇ÷µé¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Å« ¹æÀüÀÛ¿ëÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å² ÇÕ±Ý Àç·áµéÀº ÅÖ½ºÅÙ-Àº, ±¸¸®-½ºÅ×Àη¹½º ±Ý¼Ó, ±×¸®°í ¼ÕÀâÀÌ ºÎºÐÀ» ±ÝÀ¸·Î µµ±ÝÇÑ ½ºÅ×Àη¹½º ±Ý¼Ó-¹éµ¿ µîÀÇ ÇձݵéÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ Áß¿¡¼­µµ ¼ÕÀâÀÌ ºÎºÐÀ» ±ÝÀ¸·Î µµ±ÝÇÑ ½ºÅ×Àη¹½º ±Ý¼Ó-¹éµ¿ ÇÕ±ÝÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø ħÀÌ °¡Àå È¿°úÀûÀ̾ú´Ù. ¿©·¯ Á¾·ùÀÇ Ä§µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹ß»ýµÈ Àü·ùµéÀ» °èÃøÇÑ °á°ú´Â 30-60 nanoA(³ª³ë10-9 ¾ÏÆä¾î)ÀÇ ¹üÀ§¿´À¸¸ç, ħÀÇ ¼ÕÀâÀÌ ºÎºÐÀ» ºÒ²ÉÀ¸·Î °¡¿­ÇÑ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ÃÖ´ë 20 mA±îÁö »ó½ÂÇÏ¿´´Ù.  

±¸¸®, Ȳµ¿, ¶Ç´Â ±Ý µî°ú °°Àº ±Ý¼Óµé·Î ¼ÕÀâÀÌ°¡ ¸¸µé¾îÁø ±Ý¼ÓÁ¦ ħµéÀº ¼ÕÀâÀÌ ºÎºÐ¿¡ ´ëÇØ Ä§ ³¡ÀÌ ¾ç±ØÀ¸·Î ºÐ±Ø(polarization)µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, Áï ¼ÕÀâÀÌ ºÎºÐÀÌ À½±Ø(cathod)·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ°í ħ ³¡ÀÌ ¾ç±Ø(anode)À¸·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¸¸¾à ħÀÇ ¼ÕÀâÀÌ ºÎºÐÀÌ ³ª¸ÓÁö ºÎºÐµé¿¡ ºñÇØ ¿Âµµ°¡ ´õ ³ô°Ô °¡¿­µÈ »óÅ¿¡¼­ ÀÎü¿¡ »ðÀԵǸé, (¼ÕÀâÀÌ¿Í ³¡ ºÎºÐ¿¡¼­) Àü±âÀûÀÎ ±Ø¼ºÀÇ ¿ªÀüÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù. Mussat´Â ¶ÇÇÑ µÎ °¡Áö ÀçÁúÀÇ ±Ý¼ÓÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø ħµéÀÇ ÃàÀü¿ë·®À» °èÃøÇÏ¿©¼­, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ Ä§µéÀÌ ÃʼÒÇü ÀüÁö¿Í °°Àº ÀÛ¿ëÀ» ÇÏ¿©, (ÀÎü¿Í °°Àº) ÀüµµÃ¼¿Í Á¢ÃËÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸é ÀÏÁ¤½Ã°£¿¡ °ÉÃÄ Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹æÀüÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´´Ù.    

Mussat´Â ¶ÇÇÑ °æ¶ôµé¿¡¼­ÀÇ Àü±âÀûÀÎ ÀÛ¿ëµéÀ» °èÃøÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÇÑ ½ÇÇè¿¡¼­, ±×´Â µÎ °³ÀÇ Ä§À» ÇÑ °æ¶ôÀÇ ÁÖÇà°æ·Î¸¦ µû¶ó »ðÀÔÇÏ°í ³ª¼­, µÎ °³ÀÇ Àü±ØÀ» °¢°¢ÀÇ Ä§µé¿¡ ¿¬°áÇÏ¿© ¼ö ºÐ µ¿¾È ¾à 1 VÀÇ Àü±â ÀÚ±ØÀ» °¡ÇÏ¿´´Ù. Àü±âÀÚ±ØÀ» ¸ØÃß°í ³ª¼­, ±×´Â µÎ °³ÀÇ Ä§µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ÀüÇϸ¦ °èÃøÇÏ¿© 24-30 mAÀÇ ¼öÄ¡¸¦ ¾ò¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª µÎ °³ÀÇ Ä§µéÀ» °æ¶ôÀÇ ÁÖÇà°æ·Î¸¦ ¾à°£ ¹þ¾î³­ ºÎÀ§µé¿¡ »ðÀÔÇÏ°í ³ª¼­, µ¿ÀÏÇÑ Àü±âÀÚ±Ø ¹× °èÃøÀ» ÇÏ¿´À» ¶§´Â ÈξÀ ´õ ³·Àº ¼öÄ¡¸¦ ¾ò¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ½ÇÇè°á°ú´Â °æ¶ôµéÀÌ ¶ÇÇÑ ÀüÇϵéÀ» ÀúÀåÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇϸç, ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ ±Ù¸· Á¶Á÷ ¶Ç´Â °áÇÕÁ¶Á÷ÀÇ Àü±âÀûÀΠƯ¼ºµé¿¡ ±âÀÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁö´Âµ¥, ÀϺ»ÀÇ ¾î¶² ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀº ±Ù¸· Á¶Á÷ÀÌ ¹Ù·Î °æ¶ô ü°èÀÇ ¹°ÁúÀûÀÎ ±âÁú(physical substrate)À̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ ¹Ù°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.                

¹ÝÀüµµ¼º°ú ¾ÐÀü¼º(Semi-Conduction and Piezo-Electricity)

¹ÝÀüµµ¼º°ú ¾ÐÀü¼ºÀº ÀÎü¿¡ ³Î¸® ºÐÆ÷ÇÏ´Â °áÁ¤¼º(crystalline) ¹°ÁúµéÀÇ µÎ °¡Áö Àü±âÀûÀΠƯ¼ºµéÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ µÎ °¡Áö Ư¼ºµéÀº ¸ðµÎ °æ¶ô ü°èÀÇ Àü±âÀûÀΠƯ¼ºµé°ú ¸Å¿ì ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÏ°Ô ¿¬°üµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. Çö´ë°úÇп¡¼­´Â ¼¼ Á¾·ùÀÇ Àü±âÀüµµ ¹æ½ÄµéÀÌ ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. Áï, ±Ý¼Ó¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Àüµµ, À̿¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Àüµµ, ±×¸®°í ¹ÝÀüµµ(semi-conduction)ÀÌ´Ù. ±Ý¼Ó¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Àüµµ´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ±Ý¼Ó¼± ³»ºÎ¿¡¼­¸¸ ÀϾ´Ù. À̿¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Àüµµ´Â ¼¼Æ÷¸·À» ÅëÇØ ÀϾ±â´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¾ÆÁÖ ÀÛÀº °Å¸® ÀÌ»óÀ» °¡·ÎÁö¸£±â°¡ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¹ÝÀüµµ´Â ´ÜÁö ±Ý¼Ó¼±À» ÅëÇÏÁö ¾Ê°íµµ ºñ±³Àû ¸Õ °Å¸®¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ¸Å¿ì ÀûÀº Àü·ùµéÀÌ Àü´ÞµÇ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ̶ó°í ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ¹ÝÀüµµ´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ °áÁ¤°ú °°ÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ±ÔÄ¢ÀûÀÎ ºÐÀÚ ±¸Á¶¹°µé¿¡¼­¸¸ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. Szent-Gyorgyi´Â ÀÎüÀÇ ºÐÀÚ ±¸Á¶¹°µéµµ ´Ü¹éÁú ºÐÀÚµéÀÇ ¿¬¼âµé(chains)À» µû¶ó Àü±âÀûÀÎ Á¤º¸¸¦ Àü´ÞÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¹ÝÀüµµ ÀÛ¿ëÀ» Çϱ⿡ ÃæºÐÇÒ ¸¸Å­ ±ÔÄ¢ÀûÀÎ ÇüŵéÀ» ¶ì°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» óÀ½À¸·Î ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´´Ù.2    

Becker´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿ø¸®¸¦ °ËÁõÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¸¹Àº ½ÇÇèµéÀ» ½Ç½ÃÇÏ¿©, °æ¶ô ü°è¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö Àü´Þ ¹× ±³·ù ÀÛ¿ëÀº ½Å°æ°è¸¦ ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â ½Å°æÁÖÀ§ÀÇ ±³¼¼Æ÷µé(glial cells)À» µû¶ó ÀϾ´Â ¹ÝÀüµµ ÀÛ¿ë¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °á·ÐÀ» ³»·È´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹ÝÀüµµ ÀÛ¿ëÀº ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ Àü·ùµéÀ» ÀüÇÏÀÇ ¼Ò½ÇÀÌ ¾øÀÌ ¸Õ °Å¸®±îÁö Àü´ÞÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇØÁØ´Ù. ±×´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹ÝÀüµµ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Àü·ùµéÀº ½Å°æµé ÀÚü¿¡¼­ÀÇ Àü±âÀûÀÎ ÀÛ¿ë°ú´Â ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ´Ù¸£´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù. Áï, ½Å°æµéÀº ºñ±³Àû °íÁÖÆÄÀÇ È°µ¿ ÀüÀ§µé(action potentials)À» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ¹Ý¸é¿¡, ±³¼¼Æ÷µéÀº Á» ´õ ÁÖÆļö°¡ ³·°í ÁøÆøÀÌ ÀÛÀº Á÷·ù Àü·ù¸¦ Àü´ÞÇÑ´Ù.    

Becker´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á÷·ù Àü·ùµéÀÌ ÀÎü¿¡¼­ Àü±â»ý¸®ÇÐ(electrophysiology)ÀÇ Á» ´õ ¿øÃÊÀûÀÎ ¾ç»óÀ» µå·¯³»´Â °ÍµéÀ̶ó°í °¡Á¤ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, Áï ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á÷·ù Àü·ùµéÀº Á¶Á÷ÀÇ Ä¡À¯¿Í Àç»ýÀ» µµ¿ÍÁÖ¸ç, °æÇ÷µé¿¡¼­ °èÃøµÇ´Â Àü·ùµéÀÌ°í, ±×¸®°í °æÇ÷µéÀº »ç½Ç»ó °æ¶ô ÁÖÇà°æ·Î »ó¿¡¼­ Àü·ùÀÇ Àü´ÞÀ» ¿øÈ°ÇÏ°Ô Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ½Â¾Ð±â(booster) ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.2 ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á÷·ùÀü±â ü°è´Â »ç¶÷¿¡¼­º¸´Ù´Â, µµ¸¶¹ì°ú µµ·Õ´¨ °°ÀÌ ¶Ù¾î³­ Àç»ý ´É·ÂÀ» °¡Áö°í À־ Àý´ÜµÈ »çÁö ¹× ±â°üµéÀ» ´Ù½Ã ÀÚ¶ó°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â µ¿¹°µé¿¡¼­ ´õ ¹ß´ÞµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. Becker´Â, ¾ðÁ¨°¡´Â ÀÎü¿¡¼­µµ µµ¸¶¹ìÀ̳ª µµ·Õ´¨¿¡¼­¿Í °°Àº Àç»ý´É·ÂÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å³ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ Á÷·ù Àü·ùµéÀ» Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô Àû¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿¹ºñÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇÏ°í À̸¦ ½ÇÇèÀ» ÅëÇØ °ËÁõÇÏ¿´´Ù.          

Becker°¡ ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â ÀÎüÀÇ ¹ÝÀüµµ ü°è(semi-conduction system)´Â Manaka°¡ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´´ø X-½ÅÈ£ ü°è(X-signal system)¿Í ¼­·Î ¸Å¿ì ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÏ°Ô ¿¬°üµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.14 Manaka¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ÀÌ Ã¼°è´Â ÀÎüÀÇ ³»ºÎ ¹× ÁÖÀ§¿¡ °èÃøÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ» Á¤µµ·Î ¾ÆÁÖ ÀûÀº ÀüÇϵé·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀüÇϵéÀÌ ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ÀÎüÀÇ ¸ðµç »ý¸í °úÁ¤µéÀº Á¶ÀýÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ºñ·Ï X-½ÅÈ£µéÀÌ ÃÖ½ÅÀÇ À¯È¿ÇÑ °èÃø ÀåÄ¡µé·Î °èÃø µÉ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ÀÌ ½ÅÈ£µéÀÇ ÀÛ¿ëÀº °æÇ÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ÐÁø(pressure pain), ¸ÆÁø(pulse diagnosis), ±×¸®°í ÀÀ¿ë¿îµ¿ÇÐ(AK)¿¡¼­ÀÇ ±Ù·Â°Ë»ç(muscle testing) µî¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ º¯È­µéÀ» ÅëÇØ ¸íÈ®ÇÏ°Ô °üÂûµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. X-½ÅÈ£ ü°è´Â ÀÚ¼®, ÀÌ¿Â ÆßÇÁÀÛ¿ë °æ¶ôµé(ion-pumping cordsÐôÌèø¢Øæ Îßüåúë), ±×¸®°í ºÐ±ØÈ­µÈ Àü±â Žħ(polarized electrical probes) µî¿¡ ¸Å¿ì ¹Î°¨ÇÏ´Ù.        

ÀÎüÀÇ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ °íÀ¯ÇÑ Àü±âÀûÀΠƯ¼ºÀº ¾ÐÀü¼º(piezo-electricity)ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ Æ¯¼ºÀº ¾î¶² °áÁ¤¼º ±¸Á¶¹°ÀÌ º¯ÇüµÇ°Å³ª ¶Ç´Â Ãæ°ÝÀ» ¹Þ¾ÒÀ» ¶§, ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ÀüÇϸ¦ ¹æÀüÇÏ´Â ¼ºÁúÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ÀÎü¿Í µ¿¹°µéÀÇ ½Åü¿¡ °¡ÇØÁö´Â ¿òÁ÷ÀÓ ¹× Áß·Â(üÁߺÎÇÏ)¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÈûµéÀº Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¾ÐÀü¼º ÀüÇϵéÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å²´Ù. Becker´Â »À¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¾ÐÀü¼º ÀüÇϵéÀ» °èÃøÇÏ°í ³ª¼­, »À Á¶Á÷ÀÇ Àç»ýÀÌ »ÀÀÇ ¾ÐÀü¼º¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ý¼ºµÈ ³»»ýÀûÀÎ ÀüÇϵé(endogenous charges)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ½ÃÀ۵ȴٴ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´´Ù. Matsumoto¿Í Birch´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ °áÇÕÁ¶Á÷µéÀÌ ¾ÐÀü¼ºÀ» Áö´Ï°í À־, ¸íĪÀÇ Àǹ̴ë·Î ÀÎüÀÇ ¸ðµç ºÎºÐµéÀ» ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç ºÎºÐµé°ú ¼­·Î °áÇÕ(inter-connect)½ÃÅ°°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» µå·¯³»ÁÖ´Â ¸¹Àº ½ÇÇè Áõ°ÅµéÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´´Ù.16 µû¶ó¼­ ±Ù¸·(fascia)Àº Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ Àü·ùµéÀ» ¹æÃâÇÏ°í ¼øȯ½ÃÅ°´Â º¹ÀâÇÏ°íµµ ½ÅÃ༺ ÀÖ´Â ³×Æ®¿öÅ©¿¡ ºñÀ¯µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¾ÐÀü¼º ÀÛ¿ëÀº ¸¹Àº Á¾·ùÀÇ °áÇÕÁ¶Á÷µé°ú Ç÷°üµé¿¡¼­ °ËÁõµÇ¾ú´Ù.16                

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÅëÂûÀº ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ Àü·ùµéÀÌ ÀÎüÀÇ ¸ðµç ¿òÁ÷ÀÓµé°ú Áß·ÂÀÇ È¿°úµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¾ÐÀü¼º ÀÛ¿ëÀ» ÅëÇØ »ý¼ºµÇ¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Àü·ùµéÀº ÀÎü¿¡¼­ ¸Õ °Å¸®±îÁöµµ ¹ÝÀüµµ ÀÛ¿ë¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àü´ÞµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç½ÇÀº ÇÏŸ ¿ä°¡(Hatha yoga), ½ÉºÎÁ¶Á÷ ¸¶»çÁö(deep tissue massage), ·ÑÇοä¹ý(Rolfing-Structural Integration), ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ¿îµ¿¿ä¹ýÀÇ Ä¡À¯ ¹× Àç»ý È¿°ú¸¦ ÁöÁöÇØÁØ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿ä¹ýµéÀº ¸ðµÎ ¾ÐÀü¼ºÀ» ÃËÁøÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Àü½Å¿¡ °ÉÃļ­ ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ ¿¡³ÊÁö(subtle energy)ÀÇ »ý¼º ¹× ¼øȯÀ» µµ¿ÍÁÖ¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ È¿°úµéÀº ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô °Ç°­°ú Àå¼ö¿¡ µµ¿òÀ» ÁØ´Ù.        

°á·Ð(conclusion)

ÀÎü´Â ±â°üµé¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÀÛ¿ë, ¼¼Æ÷¼öÁØ¿¡ÀÇ È£Èí, ¼Õ»ó Àü·ù(currents of injury), ±×¸®°í ¾ÐÀü¼º ÀÛ¿ë(piezoelectrical activity)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àü±âÀûÀÎ ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ »ý»êÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹Ì¼¼ Àü·ùµéÀº ÈûÀÇ Àåµé(fields of force)À» Çü¼ºÇϸç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀåµéÀÌ ÀÀÃàµÈ ºÎÀ§µéÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ü°èÈ­µÈ °æ¶ô ü°èÀÌ´Ù. ¸¹Àº ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀº °æ¶ô ü°èÀÇ ¹°ÁúÀûÀÎ ±âÁú·Î¼­ ½Å°æÁÖÀ§ÀÇ ±³¼¼Æ÷µé, ±Ù¸· ü°è(ascial network), °£Áú¼º °ø°£µé(interstitial spaces), ±×¸®°í Ç÷°üµé µîÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ºÎÀ§µéÀ» ¾ð±ÞÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ Àü·ùµéÀº ÀÎü¿¡¼­ ¹ÝÀüµµ ÀÛ¿ë¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¸Õ °Å¸®±îÁö À̵¿µÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹ÝÀüµµ ÀÛ¿ëÀº ±ÔÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹è¿­µÈ ºÐÀÚµé·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ±âÁúµéÀ» ÅëÇØ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù. ´Ù¾çÇÑ ºÎÀ§µé¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö »ý¼º ¹× ¼Õ»ó Àü·ùµéÀº ÀÎü¿¡¼­ ÀÌ¿ÂÀÛ¿ë¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾çÀüÇÏ ¹× À½ÀüÇϵéÀÇ ºÒ±ÕÇüÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºÒ±ÕÇüÀº ÅëÁõ ¹× Áúº´°ú ¿¬°üµÈ´Ù.      

ħ¼úÀÇ Ä¡·áÈ¿°úµéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀüÀ§ Â÷À̵éÀ» ±¹¼ÒÀûÀ¸·Î ¶Ç´Â ¸»ÃÊ ºÎÀ§µéÀ» ÅëÇؼ­ ¹æÀü½ÃÅ°´Â ´É·Â, ¶Ç´Â ÀÎü¿¡¼­ ÃÖ»óÀÇ Àü·ù È帧À» ¾ß±âÇϴµ¥ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÖ´Â ´É·Â¿¡¼­ ºñ·ÔµÈ´Ù. °æÇ÷µéÀº ÁÖÀ§ÀÇ Á¶Á÷µéº¸´Ù Á» ´õ Å« Àü±âÀüµµ¼ºÀ» Áö´Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù. µÎ Á¾·ùÀÇ ±Ý¼Ó Àç·áµé·Î ¸¸µç ħµéÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ Ä¡·á¿¡¼­´Â ¿­Àü½Ö(thermocouple) È¿°úµéÀ» ÀÏÀ¸ÄѼ­ °æÇ÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ Á» ´õ Å« ÀÚ±ØÀ» °¡ÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÎüÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö ü°è´Â ±Ø¼º(polarity)À» °¡Áö°í Àִµ¥, ü°£°ú ¸Ó¸®´Â Àü±âÀûÀ¸·Î Á» ´õ ¾ç±Ø¼º(positive)ÀÌ°í »çÁöµéÀº Á» ´õ À½±Ø¼º(negative)ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼±ÃµÀûÀÎ ±Ø¼ºµé¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ÀÎü¿¡ Àü±âÀûÀÎ ÀڱصéÀ» °¡ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸é, Àü±Øµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ÀÇ Àü±âÀüµµ¼ºÀÌ µÎµå·¯Áö°Ô Áõ°¡µÇ¾î, ³ª¾Æ°¡¼­´Â ÀÓ»óÀûÀÎ È¿°úµéÀ» °ÅµÑ ¼ö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ħÀ» »ðÀÔÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ¹Ì¼¼ Àü·ù ÀÚ±ØÀº, ƯÈ÷ ÀÎüÀÇ ¼±ÃµÀûÀÎ ±Ø¼ºµé¿¡ µû¸¥ ¹Ì¼¼ Àü·ù ÀÚ±ØÀº, °æ¶ô ü°èÀÇ ±ÕÇüÀ» ÀÌ·ç´Âµ¥ ¸Å¿ì È¿°úÀûÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.      
¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡¦¡
Âü°í¹®Çå(References)
1. Milburn M.
   Biomagnetics: Implications for Oriental medicine and acupuncture.
   American Journal of Acupuncture; 1995; 23.
2. Selden G., Becker R.
   The Body Electric. New York, NY: William Morrow & Co; 1987.
3. Lakhovsky G.
   The Secret of Life. [First published 1935].
   Reprinted: Newport Beach, Calif.: The Noontide Press; 1992.
4. Presman A.S.
   Electromagnetic Fields and Life. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1970.
5. Popp F.A., Becker B.
   Electromagnetic Bioinformation. 2nd ed.
   Vienna, Austria: Urban & Schwarzenberg; 1988.
6. Del Giudice E.
   Coherence in condensed and living matter. Pioneer Perspectives. 1993; 3(2).
7. Royal F.F.
   Understanding homeopathy, acupuncture and electrodiagnosis:
   clinical applications of quantum mechanics. Am. J. Acupuncture. 1990; 18.
8. Schuldt H.
   From: paper presented at the Third International Congress of Acupuncture
   in Berlin; 1976.
9. Mussat M.
   Acupuncture Networks, Vol. II. Serejski E, trans. 1997.
   Available at http://www.webacu.com. Accessibility verified July 22, 2001.
10. Zhu Z-X.
   Research advances in the electrical specificity of meridians
   and acupuncture points.Am. J. Acupuncture. 1981; 9.
11. Dumitrescu IF.
   Contribution to the Electro-Physiology of the Active Points,
   International Acupuncture Conference, Bucharest, Romania, 1977,
   as quoted in article Research advances in the electrical specificity of meridians
   and acupuncture points. Am. J. Acupuncture. 1981; 9.
12. Ionescu-Tirgoviste, Pruna
   The acu-point potential, electroreception
   and bio-electrical homeostasis of the human body. Am. J. Acupuncture. 1990;18.
13. Nordenstrom B.
   An electrophysiological view of acupuncture: role of capacitive and closed circuit
   currents and their clinical effects in the treatment of cancer and chronic pain.
   Am. J. Acupuncture. 1989; 17.
14. Manaka Y., Itaya K., Birch S.
   Chasing the Dragon's Tail. Brookline, Mass.: Paradigm Publications; 1994.
15. Ionescu-Tirgoviste
   Measurement of acupuncture injury potential by acupunctometry.
   Am. J. Acupuncture. 1987; 15.
16. Matsumoto K., Birch S.
   Hara Diagnosis, Reflections on the Sea.
   Brookline, Mass.: Paradigm Publications; 1989.

À̸§ ÄÚ¸àÆ® ³¯Â¥ »èÁ¦
kjhjjk ÀÌ·±Á¤µµ¿¡ ÀÌ·ÐÀº ÇÑÀÇÇÐȸÁö Á¶±Ý¸¸ °Ë»öÇصµ ³ª¿É´Ï´Ù ±âÀÚ´ÔÀÌ ÃëÀçÁ»ÇϼžßÁÒ ´ëÇѹα¹¿¡ ÇÑÀÇ»çµéÀº ¾Ö½á¿Ü¸éÇϽó׿ä ÀÌÀ¯°¡ ±Ã±ÝÇϳ׿ä 2010/01/07
À̸§ ³»¿ë ºñ¹Ð¹øÈ£
¹øÈ£ Á¦¸ñ ÀÛ¼ºÀÚ ³¯Â¥
7
  "ÇÑÀÇ°è°¡ ±¸´ç ÇÑ»ç¶÷¿¡µµ ¸ø¹Ì... ÀÌ»óÈ£
2010/01/14
6
  ÀÌ°Ô ¸íġħ±¸´ëÀÇ Ä¿¸®Å§·³ÀÔ´Ï... ÀÌ»óÈ£
2009/05/18
5
  Electrophysiology and the Acu ... ÀÌ»óÈ£
2009/05/17
4
  "¿äÅëÄ¡·á¿£ Áß±¹ ħ¼úÀÌ ÃÖ°í" ÀÌ»óÈ£
2007/09/25
3
  ÇѾàÀÇ ¸ô¶ô°ú ÇÑÀÇÇÐÀÇ À§±â ÀÌ»óÈ£
2007/09/04
2
  ¸ù°ñ¿¡¼­ ¸¸³­ °í¸§/ ±¸´ç¼±»ý ÀÌ»óÈ£
2007/02/05



Copyright 2002 LeeSangHo All rights reserved.